LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Talking to real people · Sep 17, 2026

How to say your age in Japanese: 〜歳さい, the four readings that break, and 二十歳はたち

Age uses the counter 〜歳さい (さい): 三十歳さんじゅうさい is さんじゅっさい. Four numbers force a sound change — 1, 8, 10 and anything ending in 10 — and 20 is not 〜歳さい at all. Twenty is 二十歳はたち, read はたち, a word with no number in it.

This is a small, self-contained piece of vocabulary that you will use in your first conversation with almost anyone, and it has exactly enough irregularity to be worth learning properly once instead of guessing five times.

The basics

The basic pattern

Number plus 歳さい. That is it, for most ages.

三十歳さんじゅうさいです。 — I'm thirty. (polite) 父ちちは六十五歳ろくじゅうごさいです。 — My father is sixty-five. (polite)

歳さい is sometimes written 才さい, especially on forms and in children's writing, because 才さい is a simpler kanji with the same reading in this use. Both are correct; 歳さい is the standard one.

The four readings that change

Age Reading What changed
1歳さい いっさい さ doubles
8歳さい はっさい さ doubles
10歳さい じゅっさい (じっさい) さ doubles
20歳さい はたち a completely different word

Everything else is regular: 2歳さい にさい, 3歳さい さんさい, 4歳さい よんさい, 5歳さい ごさい, 6歳さい ろくさい, 7歳さい ななさい, 9歳さい きゅうさい.

The pattern behind 1, 8 and 10 is the same one that runs through the whole counter system: those three numbers trigger a doubled consonant before さ, か, た and は sounds. Learn it once and it pays off across every counter you meet.

じゅっさい and じっさい are both accepted for 10. じゅっさい is what most people say; じっさい is the older prescriptive form and appears in dictionaries.

二十歳はたち is はたち

今年ことし、二十歳はたちになりました。 — I turned twenty this year. (polite) 来月らいげつの誕生日たんじょうびで三十歳さんじゅうさいになります。 — I turn thirty on my birthday next month. (polite)

はたち is a leftover from an older counting system, and it survives because turning twenty is a marked event in Japan: it is the traditional threshold of adulthood, and 成人式せいじんしき (せいじんしき), the coming-of-age ceremony, is built around it. The word carries that weight, which is part of why it never regularized into にじゅっさい.

Note that 21 and above are regular again: 二十一歳にじゅういっさい is にじゅういっさい, with the 1 doing its usual doubling.

Beyond the basics

How to ask someone's age

何歳なんさいですか。 — How old are you? (polite, neutral — fine with children and people younger than you) おいくつですか。 — How old are you? (polite, softer — the safe adult version)

おいくつですか is the one to use with an adult. 何歳なんさいですか is not rude, but it is direct, and asking an adult's age directly is about as socially loaded in Japan as it is elsewhere. おいくつですか softens it with the honorific お and the indirect いくつ ("how many").

With small children, 何歳なんさい? is completely normal and is what everyone says.

〜歳さい vs 〜年生ねんせい: age vs school year

Japanese often answers "how old is your child?" with a school year rather than a number.

小学しょうがく三年生さんねんせいです。 — She's in third grade of elementary school. (polite)

〜年生ねんせい (ねんせい) is the counter for school years, and it is genuinely more informative in Japan because the school system is uniform. If someone answers your age question with a 年生ねんせい, that is a complete answer, not a dodge.

〜代だい: talking about a decade

To say someone is in their thirties without naming a number, use 〜代だい (だい).

三十代さんじゅうだいです。 — I'm in my thirties. (polite) 二十代にじゅうだいの前半ぜんはんです。 — I'm in my early twenties. (polite)

前半ぜんはん (ぜんはん, first half) and 後半こうはん (こうはん, second half) subdivide it. 三十代さんじゅうだい後半こうはん is "late thirties." This is the polite way to be approximate about your age, and it is very commonly used.

年上としうえ and 年下としした: older and younger

兄あには三歳さんさい年上としうえです。 — My older brother is three years older than me. (polite) 私わたしより二歳にさい年下とししたです。 — He's two years younger than me. (polite)

年上としうえ (としうえ) and 年下としした (としした) are nouns, and the difference in years goes in front as a plain number plus 歳さい. This matters more in Japanese than in English, because relative age decides which words you use for family members — see Japanese family words, where 兄あに and 弟おとうと are different words for the same relationship depending on who is older.

〜歳さいの時とき: at the age of

十五歳じゅうよんさいの時ときに日本にほんに来きました。 — I came to Japan when I was fifteen. (polite)

〜歳さいの時とき is the standard frame for an age-anchored memory, and it uses the same 〜とき that marks any point in time.

Common mistakes

  • Saying にじゅっさい for twenty. It is はたち. This is the single irregular age in the system.
  • Forgetting the doubled consonant. いちさい, はちさい and じゅうさい are all wrong. They are いっさい, はっさい, じゅっさい.
  • Asking an adult 何歳なんさいですか. Not rude exactly, but blunt. おいくつですか is the adult version.
  • Using 年ねん instead of 歳さい. 三十さんじゅう年ねん is thirty years as a duration, not an age. The counter for age is 歳さい.
  • Saying 三十代さんじゅうだいです when you mean exactly thirty. 〜代だい is a decade range, not a number.
  • Assuming 才さい is wrong. It is a simplified alternative and appears on plenty of official forms. 歳さい is standard; both are read さい.

The ages that break, at a glance

Number Age form Reading
1 1歳さい いっさい
8 8歳さい はっさい
10 10歳さい じゅっさい
20 二十歳はたち はたち
21 21歳さい にじゅういっさい
30 30歳さい さんじゅっさい
in their 30s 30代だい さんじゅうだい

Practice

Questions 3 and 4 are the pair: the one age that is not a number plus 歳さい, and the one right after it that is.

1. Say "I'm thirty," politely.

Show answer

三十歳さんじゅうさいです。 — さんじゅっさい. The 10 in 三十さんじゅう triggers the doubled consonant.

2. Read 8歳さい aloud.

Show answer

はっさい — 8 is one of the three numbers that double the consonant before さ.

3. Say "I turned twenty this year."

Show answer

今年ことし、二十歳はたちになりました。 — はたち, not にじゅっさい. The only genuinely irregular age.

4. Read 21歳さい aloud.

Show answer

にじゅういっさい — Regular again, with the 1 doing its usual doubling.

5. Ask an adult their age, politely and softly.

Show answer

おいくつですか。 — The adult version. 何歳なんさいですか is direct and fine with children.

6. Say "I'm in my early twenties," politely.

Show answer

二十代にじゅうだいの前半ぜんはんです。 — 〜代だい for the decade, 前半ぜんはん and 後半こうはん to halve it.

7. Say "my older brother is three years older than me."

Show answer

兄あには三歳さんさい年上としうえです。 — The gap goes in front as a plain number plus 歳さい.

8. Say "I came to Japan when I was fifteen."

Show answer

十五歳じゅうよんさいの時ときに日本にほんに来きました。 — 〜歳さいの時とき is the standard frame for an age-anchored memory.

9. Fix this: にじゅっさいになりました。

Show answer

二十歳はたち(はたち)になりました。 — Twenty has its own word, and it is not built from a number.

10. Fix this: 三十さんじゅう年ねんです。(meaning "I'm thirty")

Show answer

三十歳さんじゅうさいです。 — 年ねん is a duration. The counter for age is 歳さい.

FAQ

Why is twenty はたち? It is a survival from an older native Japanese counting system, kept alive by how significant turning twenty has traditionally been. The same system gives 二十日はつか (はつか) for the twentieth of the month.

Is it rude to ask someone's age in Japan? About as rude as anywhere else — fine with children and close friends, awkward with adults you have just met. おいくつですか softens it, and 〜代だい lets people answer approximately.

What is 数かぞえ年ねん? An older system where everyone gained a year at New Year rather than on their birthday, making you one year old at birth. It is essentially gone from daily life but appears in traditional contexts and in some temple rituals.

How do I write my age on a form? The digit plus 歳さい or 才さい. Forms usually provide the character already, so you write only the number.

Does 歳さい change for animals or objects? Animals use 歳さい too. Objects do not have an age in this sense — for how old a thing is you would say 何年前なんねんまえのものですか ("how many years old is it?") rather than using 歳さい.

How do I say "what's your age group?" You would not ask that directly. If you need an approximate answer, ask something contextual instead, or let the other person volunteer 〜代だい. Asking for a range is not a normal question in Japanese.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

歳	さい — years old (counter)
二十歳	はたち — twenty years old
何歳	なんさい — how old
おいくつ	おいくつ — how old (polite)
年上	としうえ — older (in age)
年下	としした — younger (in age)
代	だい — decade of age
前半	ぜんはん — first half
後半	こうはん — second half
年生	ねんせい — school year
小学	しょうがく — elementary school
成人式	せいじんしき — coming-of-age ceremony
今年	ことし — this year
兄	あに — older brother
父	ちち — father
誕生日	たんじょうび — birthday
数え年	かぞえどし — traditional age counting
二十日	はつか — the twentieth (of the month)

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. はたち is the one that surprises people, and it is a good early lesson in something true of the whole language: the words Japanese refuses to regularize are usually the ones that matter culturally.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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