LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 17, 2026

〜以外いがい: "other than," "except" — and the two opposite answers it can produce

〜以外いがい means "other than X." What it does to the sentence depends entirely on the verb after it: 日本語以外にほんごいがい話はなせます means "I can speak languages other than Japanese," while 日本語以外にほんごいがい話はなせません means "I can't speak anything but Japanese." Same two characters, opposite conclusions.

以外いがい is a small, high-frequency piece of Japanese that beginners can read and intermediate learners still occasionally misparse, because the meaning lives in the verb rather than in the word itself.

The basics

How it attaches

以外いがい attaches directly to a noun with no particle.

日曜日にちようび以外いがいは仕事しごとです。 — Other than Sunday, I work. (polite) あなた以外いがいに誰だれも知しりません。 — Nobody but you knows. (polite)

The noun goes straight in front. 日曜日にちようびの以外いがい is wrong; it is 日曜日にちようび以外いがい.

After 以外いがい, you can add は, に, を or nothing at all, depending on what role the phrase plays in the sentence. 以外いがいは is the most common, because you are usually contrasting the excluded thing with everything else.

The positive verb: exclusion

日本語以外にほんごいがいの言語げんごも話はなせます。 — I can speak languages other than Japanese too. (polite)

Here 以外いがい excludes Japanese and the sentence is about what is left over. This is the reading English speakers expect.

The negative verb: "only"

日本語以外にほんごいがい話はなせません。 — I can't speak anything other than Japanese. (polite — i.e. Japanese only)

Here the negative verb flips the emphasis: the leftover set is empty, so the excluded item is the whole story. This is the reading that catches people, because the sentence ends up meaning "only Japanese" despite containing no word for "only."

The same logic runs through だけ vs しか — しか also requires a negative and produces "only" out of an exclusion.

Beyond the basics

以外いがいの: modifying a noun

日本以外にほんいがいの国くににも行いきました。 — I also went to countries other than Japan. (polite)

To put an 以外いがい phrase in front of a noun, you need の. 日本以外にほんいがい国くに is not a phrase; it is 日本以外にほんいがいの国くに.

ほかに and そのほか: the softer version

ほかに means "besides, in addition" and is more conversational.

ほかに質問しつもんはありますか。 — Are there any other questions? (polite — the standard end-of-meeting line) これのほかに何なにかありますか。 — Is there anything besides this? (polite)

ほかに looks forward to what else exists; 以外いがい looks at a set and removes something from it. In practice ほかに is warmer and appears in speech far more often.

を除のぞいて: the formal exclusion

月曜日げつようびを除のぞいて、毎日まいにち営業えいぎょうしています。 — We're open every day except Monday. (formal, a notice)

を除のぞいて (をのぞいて) is written and official. You will see it on opening-hours notices and in contracts. Saying it in conversation sounds like reading from a sign, exactly like 〜場合ばあい does.

以外いがい in time and number expressions

以外いがい belongs to a family of 以い〜 words that all mark boundaries.

Japanese Reading Meaning
以外いがい いがい other than
以内いない いない within (inclusive)
以上いじょう いじょう or more (inclusive)
以下いか いか or less (inclusive)
以前いぜん いぜん before, previously
以降いこう いこう from then on

The 以い means "from this point," and every one of these is inclusive of the boundary. 三日みっか以内いない means within three days including the third; 十人じゅうにん以上いじょう means ten or more, including exactly ten. That inclusivity matters in anything with a deadline or a price threshold.

以外いがいに and 以外いがいにも: "besides that, also"

Adding に turns 以外いがい into an adverbial phrase, and adding も on top of that makes it "and on top of that."

それ以外いがいに何なにかありますか。 — Is there anything besides that? (polite) 日本語以外にほんごいがいにも英語えいごが話はなせます。 — Besides Japanese, I can also speak English. (polite — the も emphasizes the addition)

The difference between 以外いがいは and 以外いがいにも is which side of the line you are pointing at. 以外いがいは sets the excluded thing aside and talks about the rest; 以外いがいにも keeps the excluded thing in view and adds to it. 日本語以外にほんごいがいは話はなせません says Japanese is all you have; 日本語以外にほんごいがいにも話はなせます says Japanese is not all you have.

That も is doing the same additive work it does everywhere else in the language, which is worth noticing: most of the difficulty in 以外いがい sentences comes from the particles stacked after it rather than from 以外いがい itself.

意外いがい is a different word

意外いがい (いがい) is read identically and means "unexpected." It is a な-adjective and has nothing to do with 以外いがい.

意外いがいにおいしかったです。 — It was unexpectedly good. (polite)

In speech, context separates them instantly. In writing, they are two different kanji compounds and confusing them is a visible error.

Common mistakes

  • Missing the negative flip. 以外いがい plus a negative verb means "only." Reading it as "other than" gives you the opposite of the intended meaning.
  • Adding の before 以外いがい. 日曜日にちようびの以外いがい is wrong. The noun attaches directly.
  • Dropping の after 以外いがい before a noun. 日本以外にほんいがい国くに is incomplete; it is 日本以外にほんいがいの国くに.
  • Writing 意外いがい for 以外いがい. Same reading, different word. 意外いがい means "unexpected."
  • Assuming 以上いじょう and 以下いか exclude the boundary. They include it. 十人じゅうにん以上いじょう includes exactly ten people.
  • Using を除のぞいて in conversation. Correct but official-sounding. Use 以外いがい or ほかに.

Ways to say "except"

Japanese Register Example
〜以外いがい Neutral, very common 日曜日にちようび以外いがいは仕事しごとです
〜以外いがいの + noun Neutral 日本以外にほんいがいの国くに
ほかに Conversational ほかに質問しつもんはありますか
〜を除のぞいて Formal, written 月曜日げつようびを除のぞいて営業えいぎょう
〜しか + negative Neutral, means "only" 日本語にほんごしか話はなせません
〜だけ Neutral, means "only" 日本語にほんごだけ話はなせます

Practice

Questions 1 and 2 are the pair: the same noun, two verbs, opposite meanings.

1. Say "I can speak languages other than Japanese too," politely.

Show answer

日本語以外にほんごいがいの言語げんごも話はなせます。 — Positive verb, so 以外いがい excludes Japanese and the sentence is about the rest.

2. Say "I can't speak anything other than Japanese," politely.

Show answer

日本語以外にほんごいがい話はなせません。 — Negative verb, so the leftover set is empty and the sentence means "Japanese only."

3. Say "other than Sunday, I work," politely.

Show answer

日曜日にちようび以外いがいは仕事しごとです。 — 以外いがいは is the most common form, because you are contrasting with everything else.

4. Say "I also went to countries other than Japan."

Show answer

日本以外にほんいがいの国くににも行いきました。 — The の is required to attach 以外いがい to a noun.

5. Ask "are there any other questions?" at the end of a meeting.

Show answer

ほかに質問しつもんはありますか。 — ほかに is the conversational choice here. 以外いがい would sound oddly formal.

6. Write a notice: "we're open every day except Monday."

Show answer

月曜日げつようびを除のぞいて、毎日まいにち営業えいぎょうしています。 — を除のぞいて is the written register for exclusions.

7. Does 十人じゅうにん以上いじょう include exactly ten people?

Show answer

はい、十人じゅうにんも入いります。 — Yes. The 以い〜 family is inclusive of the boundary, which matters for deadlines and price thresholds.

8. Say "it was unexpectedly good," politely.

Show answer

意外いがいにおいしかったです。 — 意外いがい, not 以外いがい. Same reading, completely different word.

9. Fix this: 日曜日にちようびの以外いがいは仕事しごとです。

Show answer

日曜日にちようび以外いがいは仕事しごとです。 — The noun attaches directly, with no の in front.

10. Fix this: 日本以外にほんいがい国くににも行いきました。

Show answer

日本以外にほんいがいの国くににも行いきました。 — Before a noun, 以外いがい needs の.

FAQ

Is 以外いがい N3? Usually taught around N3, though it appears earlier in reading material because it is short and very common on signs and notices.

What is the difference between 以外いがい and しか? しか always takes a negative and always means "only." 以外いがい can go either way depending on the verb. 日本語にほんごしか話はなせません and 日本語以外にほんごいがい話はなせません mean the same thing; 以外いがい simply has the other reading available too.

Can 以外いがい attach to a verb? Yes, via the plain form: 食たべる以外いがいにすることがない ("there's nothing to do but eat"). This is less common than the noun version but perfectly standard.

Why are 以上いじょう and 以下いか inclusive? Because 以い means "from this point," so the point itself is part of the range. If you need an exclusive boundary, Japanese uses 未満みまん (みまん, "less than"): 十八歳じゅうろくさい未満みまん excludes eighteen-year-olds.

Is ほかに always interchangeable with 以外いがい? No. ほかに adds ("what else is there?"); 以外いがい subtracts ("everything but this"). They overlap in some sentences and not in others.

How do I say "except for you"? あなた以外いがい or あなたを除のぞいて. In conversation the first is natural; the second belongs in writing. あなた以外いがいに誰だれも ("nobody but you") is the emphatic version, and it takes a negative verb.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

以外	いがい — other than, except
意外	いがい — unexpected
以内	いない — within
以上	いじょう — or more
以下	いか — or less
以前	いぜん — before, previously
以降	いこう — from then on
未満	みまん — less than (exclusive)
除く	のぞく — to exclude
ほかに	ほかに — besides, in addition
言語	げんご — language
営業	えいぎょう — business operation
質問	しつもん — question
仕事	しごと — work
国	くに — country
日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
月曜日	げつようび — Monday
誰も	だれも — nobody (with negative)

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. 以外いがい is a good example of something Japanese does constantly: the word stays neutral and the verb at the end decides what the sentence actually claims — which is why reading Japanese to the end is not optional.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3

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