LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

Japanese causative form: させる, せる, and who is making whom do what

The causative form means "make someone do something" *and* "let someone do something" — the grammar is identical, and the particle you choose is what tips it one way or the other.

That double meaning is why learners freeze on this form. It is not two grammar points that happen to look alike. It is one grammar point that says "the subject caused this action," and Japanese leaves it to context and particles to tell you whether the causing was forceful or generous.

The basics

How do you conjugate the causative?

Three rules, one per verb group. This is the whole mechanical part.

Group Rule Example
Group 1 (う-verbs) final -u → -aseru 読よむ → 読よませる
Group 2 (る-verbs) drop る → させる 食たべる → 食たべさせる
する → させる 勉強べんきょうする → 勉強べんきょうさせる
来くる → 来きさせる 来くる → 来きさせる

Once formed, the result is a る-verb, so it conjugates like any other: 読よませます, 読よませた, 読よませて, 読よませない.

子供こどもに野菜やさいを食たべさせます。 — I make my child eat vegetables. (polite — the classic textbook causative) 先生せんせいは学生がくせいに作文さくぶんを書かかせました。 — The teacher had the students write an essay. (polite past — assignment, not force)

The one trap in Group 1: verbs ending in う take わせる, not あせる. 買かう → 買かわせる, 言いう → 言いわせる. Same irregularity you already met in the negative form (買かわない), so it should feel familiar rather than new.

Which particle marks the person being made to act?

This is the real content of the lesson. There are two patterns, and which one you can use depends on whether the verb already has an object.

Pattern A — the verb has no object: person takes を

子供こどもを泣なかせました。 — I made the child cry. (polite past — 泣なく takes no object, so the child gets を) 母ははを待またせてしまいました。 — I kept my mother waiting. (polite past — and note the てしまう marking the regret)

Pattern B — the verb already has an object: person takes に

子供こどもに薬くすりを飲のませました。 — I made my child take the medicine. (polite past — 薬くすり already holds を, so the child takes に) 学生がくせいに本ほんを読よませます。 — I have the students read the book. (polite — same structure)

The logic is simple once you see it: a Japanese clause does not want two を. If the object already claimed を, the person doing the action gets に instead.

Does it mean "make" or "let"?

Both. The form is neutral about how willing everyone was; the situation decides.

Sentence Likely reading
子供こどもに野菜やさいを食たべさせる Make — vegetables are rarely a treat
子供こどもにゲームをさせる Let — the child wants this
学生がくせいに宿題しゅくだいをさせる Make — it is an assignment
娘むすめを留学りゅうがくさせる Let / send — a parent enabling something

息子むすこに好すきなことをさせています。 — I let my son do what he likes. (polite — clearly permissive) 妹いもうとを先さきに行いかせました。 — I let my little sister go first. (polite past — also permissive, despite identical grammar)

If you need to be unmistakably permissive, there is a dedicated way to do it, and it is the next section.

Beyond the basics

How do you clearly say "let me do it"?

Combine the causative with てください and you get させてください — "please let me do it." This is one of the highest-value phrases in the entire form, and you can start using it immediately.

私わたしにやらせてください。 — Please let me do it. (polite — offering to take on a task) 少すこし考かんがえさせてください。 — Please let me think about it a little. (polite — buys you time in any negotiation)

Notice that this is the mirror image of 〜てもいいですか. てもいいですか asks whether an action is permitted; させてください asks the other person to actively grant it. In business Japanese, させてください and its humbler cousin させていただきます are everywhere — the second one is how a company says "we will be doing this," dressed up as "we humbly receive permission to."

What is the causative-passive, and why does it sound so miserable?

Stack the causative and the passive and you get 〜させられる: "I was made to do it." The extra layer adds the speaker's resentment, and that resentment is the whole point of the form.

部長ぶちょうに残業ざんぎょうさせられました。 — I was made to work overtime by my manager. (polite past — complaining, and the grammar is doing the complaining) 毎日まいにちピアノを練習れんしゅうさせられた。 — I was made to practise piano every day. (plain past — childhood grievance)

Learners often reach for this form when they only meant the plain causative, and it changes who the sentence sympathizes with. 子供こどもに野菜やさいを食たべさせた = "I made my child eat vegetables." 子供こどもに野菜やさいを食たべさせられた = "my child made me eat vegetables," which is a very different household.

Is there a shorter spoken form?

Yes. For Group 1 verbs, せる often contracts to す in casual speech: 読よませる → 読よます, 待またせる → 待またす, 行いかせる → 行いかす.

ちょっと待またして。 — Hold on a second. (very casual — contracted 待またせて)

This is common in real speech and in casual anime dialogue, and it is the kind of form worth recognizing without producing. Use the full せる version yourself; you will never sound wrong doing so.

When does the causative sound rude?

Whenever the person you are "causing" outranks you. Saying 部長ぶちょうに書類しょるいを書かかせました ("I made the manager write the document") reports the facts accurately and insults him in the same breath, because the grammar puts you in charge.

For anything involving a senior person, Japanese reaches for the humble side instead — usually 〜ていただきました ("I received the favour of..."). This is the same register machinery that governs the rest of polite Japanese: the facts stay the same, and the grammar re-arranges who is above whom.

部長ぶちょうに書類しょるいを書かいていただきました。 — The manager kindly wrote the document for me. (polite — same event, correct hierarchy)

Why do textbooks teach this so late?

Because it stacks. The causative sits on the same conjugation machinery as the passive and the potential, and all three produce る-verbs that then take every other ending. Once you can build 食たべさせる, you can also build 食たべさせたい, 食たべさせてもいい, 食たべさせないで, 食たべさせられた — and that combinatorial explosion is what makes the form feel harder than it is.

The form itself is three rules. The difficulty is everything you can attach afterwards.

Common mistakes

  • Using を for the person when the verb already has an object. 子供こどもを薬くすりを飲のませた is wrong — two を in one clause. It has to be 子供こどもに薬くすりを飲のませた.
  • Using あせる for う-ending verbs. 買かう becomes 買かわせる, not 買かあせる. The same わ that appears in 買かわない.
  • Reaching for the causative-passive by accident. させられる means you were the victim. If you were the one giving instructions, you want plain させる.
  • Using the causative about a senior person. Grammatically fine, socially bad. Switch to ていただく when the other person outranks you.
  • Forgetting that させてください is available. Many learners build long, awkward sentences to ask permission to help, when させてください does it in one phrase.

Practice

Each answer is hidden — build your version first, then open it. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: the verb changes, so the particle has to change with it.

1. Put 書かく into the causative form.

Show answer

書かかせる — Group 1 verb: the final く becomes か, then add せる. 書かく → 書かかせる.

2. Put 買かう into the causative form.

Show answer

買かわせる — verbs ending in う take わせる, not あせる. Same わ you see in the negative 買かわない.

3. Fill in the particle: 子供こども( )泣なかせました。

Show answer

を — 子供こどもを泣なかせました。泣なく takes no object, so the を slot is free and the person takes it.

4. Fill in the particle: 子供こども( )薬くすりを飲のませました。

Show answer

に — 子供こどもに薬くすりを飲のませました。薬くすり already holds を, and a clause will not take two を, so the person moves to に. This is the pair to question 3 — only the verb changed.

5. Put 勉強べんきょうする into the causative form.

Show answer

勉強べんきょうさせる — する becomes させる, with no other change to the noun.

6. Say "please let me think about it" using this grammar.

Show answer

考かんがえさせてください — causative 考かんがえさせる, then the te-form plus ください. Literally "please make me think," which functions as "please let me think."

7. What is the difference between 私わたしは妹いもうとに部屋へやを掃除そうじさせた and 私わたしは妹いもうとに部屋へやを掃除そうじさせられた?

Show answer

Who did the cleaning — the first means I made my sister clean the room. The second is causative-passive: I was made to clean the room (by her). The extra られ flips the victim.

8. Something is wrong here: 学生がくせいを宿題しゅくだいをさせました。

Show answer

学生がくせいに宿題しゅくだいをさせました — 宿題しゅくだい already takes を, so the students must take に. Two を in one clause is not possible.

9. Your manager wrote a document for you. Why is 部長ぶちょうに書類しょるいを書かかせました a bad sentence?

Show answer

It puts you in charge of your manager — the causative says you made him do it. Grammatically correct, socially wrong. Use 部長ぶちょうに書類しょるいを書かいていただきました instead.

10. Put 来くる into the causative form.

Show answer

来きさせる — 来くる is irregular and becomes 来きさせる (こさせる). Polite: 来きさせます.

FAQ

How do I know whether a sentence means "make" or "let"? Context, almost always. Ask whether the person being caused to act would have wanted to. If you need to be unambiguous about permission, use させてあげる (let someone, as a favour) or させてください (let me).

What is the difference between させる and させてあげる? させる is neutral about kindness. させてあげる explicitly frames it as doing the other person a favour: 子供こどもに好すきなことをさせてあげる = "I let my child do what they like (as a kindness)."

Why does させていただきます appear in every business email? It is the humble form of "let me do this" — literally "I will receive permission to do it." Japanese business language prefers to describe a decision as something you were permitted to do rather than something you chose, so 確認かくにんさせていただきます ("I will check") is softer than 確認かくにんします.

Can I use the causative with myself as the object? Yes, and it is a useful pattern: 自分じぶんに言いわせれば = "if you ask me" (literally "if I let myself say it"). But for ordinary sentences about your own actions, you do not need the causative at all.

Is 待またす correct, or is it slang? It is a genuine contraction of 待またせる, common in casual speech, especially in western Japan. Recognize it; write 待またせる.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

食べる	たべる — to eat
読む	よむ — to read
書く	かく — to write
買う	かう — to buy
言う	いう — to say
待つ	まつ — to wait
泣く	なく — to cry
行く	いく — to go
来る	くる — to come
掃除する	そうじする — to clean
勉強する	べんきょうする — to study
練習する	れんしゅうする — to practise
留学	りゅうがく — studying abroad
残業	ざんぎょう — overtime work
部長	ぶちょう — department manager
書類	しょるい — document
野菜	やさい — vegetables
薬	くすり — medicine
宿題	しゅくだい — homework
作文	さくぶん — essay, composition
息子	むすこ — son
娘	むすめ — daughter
妹	いもうと — younger sister

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime, and in lessons the conjugation is almost never the problem — it is questions 3 and 4 above, where the particle has to move because the verb already took を.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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