LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 17, 2026

Japanese position words: 上うえ, 下した, 中なか, 前まえ, 後うしろ — and the の you cannot drop

Japanese has no prepositions. Position words like 上うえ (above), 下した (below) and 中なか (inside) are nouns, and they attach with の: 机つくえの上うえ is literally "the desk's top." Get that one structural fact and the whole set follows from it.

This is one of the earliest places where Japanese refuses to map onto English, and learners who paper over it with translation end up producing sentences that are almost right for months. The fix is not memorizing more words — it is seeing that "on the desk" is a possessive in Japanese.

The basics

The words themselves

Japanese Reading English
上うえ うえ on, above
下した した under, below
中なか なか inside, in
外そと そと outside
前まえ まえ in front of; before
後うしろ うしろ behind
右みぎ みぎ right
左ひだり ひだり left
隣となり となり next to (same category)
横よこ よこ beside (physically alongside)
間あいだ あいだ between
近ちかく ちかく near
向むかい むかい opposite, facing

The structure: noun + の + position + に/で

机つくえの上うえに本ほんがあります。 — There's a book on the desk. (polite, stating existence) 駅えきの前まえで待まっています。 — I'm waiting in front of the station. (polite, an action happening there)

The pattern is always the same: the reference object, then の, then the position word, then a particle. 机つくえの上うえ is a noun phrase meaning "the desk's top," and it behaves like any other place noun after that.

The の is not optional

This is the error that survives longest.

テーブルの下したに猫ねこがいます。 — There's a cat under the table. (polite)

テーブル下した is not a sentence — it looks like a compound noun and reads as "table-bottom," a technical term rather than a location. Every position word needs の between it and what it is positioned relative to. The exception is a handful of fixed compounds like 地下ちか (basement) and 年内ねんない (within the year), which are separate vocabulary rather than the grammar on this page.

For the wider set of jobs の does, see the particle の — position is one of five.

Beyond the basics

に vs で: existence vs action

Once you have built 机つくえの上うえ, the particle that follows decides what kind of sentence you get.

机つくえの上うえに本ほんがあります。 — There's a book on the desk. (に — where something exists) 机つくえの上うえで本ほんを読よみます。 — I read a book on the desk. (で — where an action happens)

This is the same に/で split covered in で vs に, and position words are where it bites hardest, because English uses "on" for both. If the verb is ある, いる or a state, use に. If the verb is something you do, use で.

隣となり vs 横よこ vs 近ちかく: three kinds of "next to"

These three are not interchangeable, and the difference is real.

  • 隣となり (となり) — next to, in the same category. Two houses, two seats, two shops in a row.
  • 横よこ (よこ) — physically alongside. Anything can be 横よこ of anything.
  • 近ちかく (ちかく) — near, without touching. Vague by design.

駅えきの隣となりにコンビニがあります。 — There's a convenience store next to the station. (polite — both are buildings) 本ほんの横よこにペンがあります。 — There's a pen beside the book. (polite — different kinds of thing, so 横よこ)

Saying 駅えきの横よこ about a convenience store is not wrong, but it emphasizes physical adjacency rather than "the next one along." Saying 本ほんの隣となり about a pen is odd, because a pen and a book are not the same category of thing sitting in a row. Native speakers apply this without thinking about it; learners have to think about it for a while first.

前まえ and 後うしろ do time as well as space

食事しょくじの前まえに手てを洗あらいます。 — I wash my hands before eating. (polite, time) 建物たてものの前まえで会あいましょう。 — Let's meet in front of the building. (polite, space)

Same word, both jobs, and Japanese does not distinguish them. 後あと (あと) is the time counterpart of 後うしろ — 食事しょくじの後あと ("after the meal") uses 後あと, not 後うしろ, which is a distinction worth noting because both are written with the same kanji.

間あいだ: between, and 〜の間まに for time

銀行ぎんこうと郵便局ゆうびんきょくの間まにあります。 — It's between the bank and the post office. (polite — note the と joining the two reference points) 夏休なつやすみの間まに旅行りょこうしました。 — I travelled during the summer holiday. (polite — a span of time)

For space, you need two reference points joined by と. For time, 間あいだ means "during," and adding に narrows it to "at some point during," which is a distinction Japanese makes and English does not.

Where the position word can be dropped

If the location is obvious, Japanese drops the position word entirely and just marks the place.

学校がっこうにいます。 — I'm at school. (polite — no 中なか needed; being at a school implies inside it) 東京とうきょうに住すんでいます。 — I live in Tokyo. (polite — no 中なか)

Adding 中なか to these is a common learner over-correction. 学校がっこうの中なかにいます is grammatical but says something more specific: "I am inside the school building," as opposed to on the grounds. Use the position word when the position is the information; drop it when the place alone is enough.

Common mistakes

  • Dropping the の. テーブル下した, 机上きじょう — these read as compound nouns, not locations. It is テーブルの下した.
  • Using で where に belongs. With ある and いる, it is always に. 机つくえの上うえで本ほんがあります is wrong.
  • Adding 中なか to every "in." 東京とうきょうの中なかに住すんでいます over-specifies. 東京とうきょうに住すんでいます is what people say.
  • Using 隣となり for things in different categories. 本ほんの隣となりにペン sounds odd; 本ほんの横よこにペン is natural.
  • Using 後うしろ for time. 食事しょくじの後うしろ is spatial — behind the meal. The time word is 後あと (あと).
  • Forgetting the と in 間あいだ. 銀行ぎんこうの郵便局ゆうびんきょくの間あいだ is not a sentence. It is 銀行ぎんこうと郵便局ゆうびんきょくの間あいだ.

Position words at a glance

You want to say Structure Example
Something exists there 〜の〜に + あります/います 机つくえの上うえに本ほんがあります
An action happens there 〜の〜で + verb 机つくえの上うえで書かきます
Next one along, same kind 〜の隣となり 駅えきの隣となり
Physically alongside 〜の横よこ 本ほんの横よこ
Between two things AとBの間あいだ 銀行ぎんこうと郵便局ゆうびんきょくの間あいだ
Before/after in time 〜の前まえ / 〜の後あと 食事しょくじの前まえ / 食事しょくじの後あと
Near, unspecific 〜の近ちかく 駅えきの近ちかく

Practice

Questions 1 and 2 are the pair: the same position phrase with に and with で.

1. Say "there's a book on the desk," politely.

Show answer

机つくえの上うえに本ほんがあります。 — Existence takes に. The の is not optional.

2. Say "I read a book on the desk," politely.

Show answer

机つくえの上うえで本ほんを読よみます。 — An action takes で. Same location phrase, different sentence type.

3. Say "there's a cat under the table."

Show answer

テーブルの下したに猫ねこがいます。 — いる for a living thing, に for existence, の between テーブル and 下した.

4. Say "there's a convenience store next to the station."

Show answer

駅えきの隣となりにコンビニがあります。 — 隣となり because both are buildings in a row.

5. Say "there's a pen beside the book."

Show answer

本ほんの横よこにペンがあります。 — 横よこ, not 隣となり: a pen and a book are not the same category of thing.

6. Say "it's between the bank and the post office."

Show answer

銀行ぎんこうと郵便局ゆうびんきょくの間まにあります。 — Two reference points joined by と, then の間あいだ.

7. Say "I wash my hands before eating."

Show answer

食事しょくじの前まえに手てを洗あらいます。 — 前まえ does time as well as space.

8. Say "I live in Tokyo," the way people actually say it.

Show answer

東京とうきょうに住すんでいます。 — No 中なか. Adding it over-specifies and marks you as translating.

9. Fix this: テーブル下したに猫ねこがいます。

Show answer

テーブルの下したに猫ねこがいます。 — Without の it reads as a compound noun, not a location.

10. Fix this: 食事しょくじの後うしろに散歩さんぽします。

Show answer

食事しょくじの後あとに散歩さんぽします。 — 後うしろ is spatial ("behind"). The time word is 後あと, read あと.

FAQ

Why does Japanese use nouns instead of prepositions? Because the structure is possessive: "the desk's top" rather than "on the desk." Once you accept that, the の stops feeling like an extra piece you keep forgetting and starts feeling required, which it is.

Is 上うえ always "on top of"? Not quite — it covers "above" as well, whether or not there is contact. 机つくえの上うえ can be a book resting on the desk or a lamp hanging over it. If contact matters, context supplies it.

How do I say "on the wall"? 壁かべに, usually with a verb like 貼はる or かける rather than a position word. 壁かべの上うえ would mean on top of the wall, looking down — a different picture entirely.

What is the difference between 近ちかく and そば? そば is closer and slightly warmer; 近ちかく is a neutral "in the vicinity." Both are fine in most sentences, and そば also appears figuratively for being at someone's side.

Does 中なか ever mean something other than "inside"? Yes — 〜中なか read ちゅう or じゅう is a suffix meaning "during" or "throughout": 仕事中しごとちゅう ("during work"), 会議中かいぎちゅう ("in a meeting"), 一日中いちにちじゅう ("all day"). That is a different item from the なか on this page, and it attaches directly to the noun with no の.

Why is 隣となり sometimes written となり in kana? Both are standard. The kanji is common in writing, and kana appears where a writer wants a softer look. Neither changes the meaning.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

上	うえ — on, above
下	した — under, below
中	なか — inside
外	そと — outside
前	まえ — in front of; before
後ろ	うしろ — behind
後	あと — after (time)
右	みぎ — right
左	ひだり — left
隣	となり — next to (same category)
横	よこ — beside
間	あいだ — between; during
近く	ちかく — near
向かい	むかい — opposite, facing
机	つくえ — desk
銀行	ぎんこう — bank
郵便局	ゆうびんきょく — post office
食事	しょくじ — a meal

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The dropped の in テーブル下した is the mistake I correct most in absolute beginners, and it always comes from the same place: thinking of "under" as a preposition instead of a noun.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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