LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 24, 2026

Japanese relative clauses: how to say "the book that I bought

Japanese has no "that," "which" or "who" for relative clauses. You take the sentence that describes the noun and put it directly in front of it, in plain form: 昨日きのう買かった本ほん is "the book (that) I bought yesterday." The clause works exactly like an adjective.

That is good news: there is one rule instead of five relative pronouns. The hard part is that the order is the reverse of English, so the noun you are talking about comes last.

The basics

How do you build a relative clause?

Write the describing sentence in plain form, then put the noun at the end. Nothing goes between them.

母ははが作つくった料理りょうり — the food (that) my mum made (母ははが作つくった + 料理りょうり) 駅えきの前まえにある店みせ — the shop (that's) in front of the station (駅えきの前まえにある + 店みせ) 日本語にほんごを話はなす人ひと — people who speak Japanese (日本語にほんごを話はなす + 人ひと)

Compare it with an adjective: 赤あかい本ほん is "a red book," and 昨日きのう買かった本ほん is "the book I bought yesterday." In both cases the description sits in front of 本ほん. The clause is just a longer adjective. How adjectives themselves work is in い-adjectives and な-adjectives.

What form does the verb take?

Plain form — dictionary form, た-form, ない-form or ている-form. Not ます.

Meaning Relative clause English
Present / habit 毎朝まいあさ飲のむコーヒー the coffee I drink every morning
Past 昨日きのう見みた映画えいが the film I saw yesterday
Negative 使つかわない部屋へや the room we don't use
Ongoing 今いま読よんでいる漫画まんが the manga I'm reading now
Past negative 行いかなかった人ひと the people who didn't go

見みました映画えいが is wrong. Polite endings live at the end of the whole sentence: これは昨日きのう見みた映画えいがです.

What happens to が and は inside the clause?

The subject of the clause takes が, never は. And that が can change to の.

友ともだちが住すんでいる町まち — the town where my friend lives (が: always correct) 友ともだちの住すんでいる町まち — the town where my friend lives (の: common in writing and careful speech)

は does not appear inside a relative clause, because は marks the topic of the whole sentence. 私わたしは作つくった料理りょうり is wrong; 私わたしが作つくった料理りょうり is right.

Side by side with English

English Japanese Order
the book that I bought 私わたしが買かった本ほん clause → noun
the person who called 電話でんわした人ひと clause → noun
the place where we met 会あった場所ばしょ clause → noun
the day when I arrived 着ついた日にち clause → noun
the reason why I quit 辞やめた理由りゆう clause → noun

"Where," "when" and "why" disappear as well. 会あった場所ばしょ is "the place (where) we met"; the noun 場所ばしょ does the job.

Beyond the basics

How do you make longer ones?

Keep adding in front. Japanese sentences can stack several descriptions before a noun, and each one ends right before the next.

2年前ねんまえに大学だいがくで勉強べんきょうした文法ぶんぽう — the grammar I studied at university two years ago 先週せんしゅう、友ともだちに勧すすめられた店みせ — the restaurant a friend recommended to me last week

A useful way to build long ones is the one teachers use on the whiteboard: write two short sentences, then fold one into the other.

  1. 文法ぶんぽうを思い出おもいだしたい。 — I want to remember the grammar.
  2. 2年前ねんまえにその文法ぶんぽうを知しっていた。 — I knew that grammar two years ago.

Fold 2 into 1 and the result is 2年前ねんまえに知しっていた文法ぶんぽうを思い出おもいだしたい — "I want to remember the grammar I knew two years ago." Sentence 2 loses its object and its full stop and becomes the description of 文法ぶんぽう. Why the order works this way is in Japanese word order.

Can you use relative clauses with adjectives and nouns?

Yes. い-adjectives go in as they are, な-adjectives keep な, and nouns take の (or である in formal writing).

天気てんきがいい日にち — a day when the weather is nice (い-adjective) 交通こうつうが便利べんりな場所ばしょ — a place with good transport (な-adjective) 父ちちが医者いしゃの友ともだち — a friend whose father is a doctor (noun + の)

The last one is how Japanese handles "whose": there is no word for it, only the clause.

How does it sound in anime?

Relative clauses are everywhere in anime titles, which are often just one long noun phrase. 君くんの名めいは。 is short, but titles like 転生てんしょうしたらスライムだった件けん ("the matter of how I got reincarnated as a slime") end in 件けん — the whole title is a clause describing that one noun. Once you see it, a lot of light-novel titles turn out to be single relative clauses.

In dialogue, they are fast and short: 昨日きのう言いったこと ("what I said yesterday"), さっき会あった人ひと ("that person we just met").

Common mistakes

  • Putting the noun first. 本ほん昨日きのう買かった is backwards. The noun comes last: 昨日きのう買かった本ほん.
  • Using ます inside the clause. 買かいました本ほん is wrong. Plain form: 買かった本ほん.
  • Using は inside the clause. 私わたしは書かいた手紙てがみ is wrong. Use が or の: 私わたしが書かいた手紙てがみ.
  • Adding a word for "that" or "who." Japanese has none. Do not insert こと or の between the clause and the noun.
  • Forgetting な on な-adjectives. 静しずか部屋へや is wrong; 静しずかな部屋へや.
  • Losing the particle of the main sentence. The clause + noun is one unit, and the particle comes after the noun: 昨日きのう買かった本ほんを読よんだ.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: same words, reversed roles.

1. Say "the cake my sister made."

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姉あねが作つくったケーキ — clause in plain past, then the noun. が marks who made it.

2. Say "the sister who made the cake."

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ケーキを作つくった姉あね — now 姉あね is the noun being described, so it moves to the end.

3. Say "the manga I'm reading now."

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今いま読よんでいる漫画まんが — ongoing action, so ている in plain form.

4. Say "the station where we met."

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会あった駅えき — no word for "where." The noun 駅えき carries it.

5. Fix: これは私わたしは昨日きのう買かいました本ほんです。

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これは私わたしが昨日きのう買かった本ほんです — が inside the clause, plain past 買かった, and です only at the end.

6. Say "people who don't eat meat."

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肉にくを食たべない人ひと — plain negative ない-form before the noun.

7. Say "a quiet room" and then "a room where it's quiet at night."

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静しずかな部屋へや / 夜よるが静しずかな部屋へや — な stays. The second one is a clause with its own subject, 夜よるが.

8. Combine: 映画えいがを見みたい。友ともだちが勧すすめた。 → "I want to see the film a friend recommended."

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友ともだちが勧すすめた映画えいがを見みたい — the second sentence folds in front of 映画えいが and becomes its description.

9. Say "a friend whose mother is a teacher."

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お母かあさんが先生せんせいの友ともだち — "whose" becomes a clause with a noun + の.

FAQ

Is there really no word for "that" or "which"? None. The position in front of the noun does the whole job.

Can I say 私わたしの書かいた手紙てがみ instead of 私わたしが書かいた手紙てがみ? Yes. が→の is common inside relative clauses, especially in writing. Both are correct.

How long can a relative clause be? As long as you like, but listeners have to hold everything until the noun arrives. In conversation, two or three pieces is comfortable.

What is the difference between 〜した人ひと and 〜している人ひと? Past versus ongoing: 手紙てがみを書かいた人ひと wrote it (done); 手紙てがみを書かいている人ひと is writing it now.

Do I need こと after a clause? Only when there is no noun and you want "the thing that" or "the fact that": 昨日きのう言いったこと. That is a different job — see こと vs の.

Can relative clauses use polite forms in very formal speech? Very rarely, in extremely formal settings. For everyday and business Japanese, plain form inside the clause is the rule.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

料理	りょうり — cooking, dish
店	みせ — shop
映画	えいが — film
部屋	へや — room
漫画	まんが — manga
町	まち — town
場所	ばしょ — place
理由	りゆう — reason
辞める	やめる — to quit
文法	ぶんぽう — grammar
勧める	すすめる — to recommend
天気	てんき — weather
交通	こうつう — transport, traffic
便利	べんり — convenient
医者	いしゃ — doctor
静か	しずか — quiet
手紙	てがみ — letter
肉	にく — meat
姉	あね — (my) older sister
件	けん — matter, case

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Relative clauses come up whenever a student builds a sentence with "that" in English and looks for the Japanese word for it — the fold-two-sentences method on the whiteboard usually fixes it in one go.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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