LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜まま: "as it is," and why it takes the past form

まま means "in that state, unchanged." With verbs it takes the **past** form — 靴くつを履はいたまま入いる ("go in with your shoes still on") — because the action that produced the state is already finished. 履はくまま is not a sentence.

The single most useful thing here is そのまま, which is a complete phrase on its own and one of the most-used expressions in everyday Japanese.

The basics

What attaches to まま

Word type Form Example
Verb (positive) past plain 靴くつを履はいたまま
Verb (negative) ない 何なにも言いわないまま
Noun の 昔むかしのまま
い-adjective plain 熱あついまま
な-adjective な 静しずかなまま
Demonstrative — そのまま, このまま

靴くつを履はいたまま入いらないでください。 — Please don't come in with your shoes on. (polite request) 電気でんきをつけたまま寝ねてしまいました。 — I fell asleep with the light on. (polite past)

Both sentences describe a state that was created earlier and is still in place. That is why the verb is in the past: 履はいた, つけた.

そのまま: the phrase to learn first

そのままにしておいてください。 — Please leave it as it is. (polite request) そのままでいいです。 — It's fine as it is. (polite)

そのまま covers "as is," "don't change it," "keep going," and "straight ahead," depending on context. Combined with 〜ておく, そのままにしておく is the standard way to tell someone not to tidy something up.

The negative version

何なにも言いわないまま、帰かえってしまいました。 — He went home without saying anything. (polite past)

ないまま means an expected action never happened and its absence persisted. It is heavier than 言いわないで — the latter is just "without saying," the former adds "and that state stayed."

Beyond the basics

まま vs ながら

Both can look like "while," and they are different:

Form What it describes
〜ながら Two actions happening at once
〜たまま One state persisting while something else happens

音楽おんがくを聞ききながら勉強べんきょうします。 — I study while listening to music. (polite — two ongoing actions) 立たったまま食たべました。 — I ate standing up. (polite past — a posture, not a second action)

The test: if the first half is something you are actively doing throughout, use ながら. If it is a state you got into and stayed in, use まま.

まま as a noun

まま is a noun, so it can end a sentence with だ/です:

部屋へやは昔むかしのままです。 — The room is exactly as it was. (polite) あの店みせ、閉しまったままですね。 — That shop is still shut, isn't it. (polite)

〜たままだ is very useful for describing something that has not changed when it should have.

このまま and そのまま and あのまま

  • このまま — as things are now, going forward: このままだと間に合まにあいません ("at this rate we won't make it")
  • そのまま — as it is / as you were
  • あのまま — as it was back then

このままでは終おわれません。 — We can't end it like this. (polite — a very common dramatic line)

このままでは is worth having: it introduces a warning about a trajectory rather than a fact.

まま in signs and instructions

You will see it constantly in written instructions:

靴くつのままお上あがりください。 — Please come in with your shoes on. (polite — a sign in a Western-style building)

The noun + の + まま shape is standard for these.

It is not the same as 〜ている

The teiru form also describes a resulting state — 電気でんきがついています ("the light is on"). The difference is that まま carries "and it should not be," or at least "and nothing has changed it." 電気でんきがついています is a report; 電気でんきをつけたまま寝ねた is a small confession.

Common mistakes

  • 履はくまま. Verbs take the past form: 履はいたまま.
  • 昔むかしまま. Nouns need の: 昔むかしのまま.
  • 静しずかまま. な-adjectives need な: 静しずかなまま.
  • Using まま for two simultaneous actions. 音楽おんがくを聞きいたまま勉強べんきょうする is odd; use ながら.
  • Treating そのまま as only "straight ahead." It is much broader: "as is," "leave it," "keep going."
  • Missing the judgement. 〜たままだ usually implies the state has gone on too long.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: two kinds of "while," and only one of them is a second action.

1. Something is wrong here: 靴くつを履はくまま入いらないでください。

Show answer

履はいたまま — verbs take the past form, because the action that created the state is already finished.

2. Say "I fell asleep with the light on."

Show answer

電気でんきをつけたまま寝ねてしまいました — つけた for the state, and てしまう for the regret.

3. Ask someone to leave something as it is.

Show answer

そのままにしておいてください — そのまま plus ておく is the standard way to say "don't tidy that."

4. Say "I study while listening to music."

Show answer

音楽おんがくを聞ききながら勉強べんきょうします — two things you are actively doing, so ながら.

5. Say "I ate standing up."

Show answer

立たったまま食たべました — standing is a posture you got into and stayed in, not a second action. This is the pair to question 4.

6. Something is wrong here: 部屋へやは昔むかしままです。

Show answer

昔むかしのまま — nouns take の before まま.

7. Say "he went home without saying anything."

Show answer

何なにも言いわないまま、帰かえってしまいました — ないまま means the expected action never happened and its absence persisted.

8. Warn someone that things won't work out on the current trajectory.

Show answer

このままだと間に合まにあいません — このまま is about how things are going, not how they are.

9. Say "that shop is still shut."

Show answer

あの店みせ、閉しまったままですね — 〜たままだ, with the usual implication that it has gone on too long.

10. What does 電気でんきをつけたまま寝ねた add over 電気でんきがついています?

Show answer

A confession — the teiru form reports a state; まま implies nothing changed it and probably should have.

FAQ

Is まま written in kanji? 儘まま exists and is rare. Use kana.

Can まま follow the te-form? No. 履はいてまま is wrong. It takes the plain past.

What is 〜がまま? 思おもうがまま ("as one pleases") and あるがまま ("as it is") are set literary phrases. Recognise them; they are not productive grammar.

Is そのまま polite? It is register-neutral. そのままで is fine anywhere; politeness comes from what follows.

Does まま work with いる? Yes: 座すわったままでいてください ("please stay seated"). まま + でいる is the "remain in that state" pattern.

What is ままに? Slightly literary, meaning "in accordance with": 言いわれるままに ("just as told"). Common in narration.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

靴	くつ — shoes
履く	はく — to put on (footwear)
入る	はいる — to enter
電気	でんき — light, electricity
寝る	ねる — to sleep
昔	むかし — the past, long ago
熱い	あつい — hot
静か	しずか — quiet
部屋	へや — room
店	みせ — shop
閉まる	しまる — to close
音楽	おんがく — music
聞く	きく — to listen
勉強	べんきょう — study
立つ	たつ — to stand
食べる	たべる — to eat
言う	いう — to say
帰る	かえる — to go home
間に合う	まにあう — to be in time
終わる	おわる — to end
座る	すわる — to sit

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. そのまま is the phrase I would hand a learner on day one if I could only give them one. It answers half the questions a shop assistant or a host will ask you, and it costs four syllables.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3

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