LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Talking to real people · Sep 19, 2026

お疲つかれさま: the Japanese phrase that means hello, goodbye, thank you and well done

お疲つかれさまです literally acknowledges that someone is tired — and in practice it is hello, goodbye, thank you, well done, and "I see you have been working," depending entirely on when you say it.

It is almost certainly the phrase you will hear most often in any Japanese workplace, and it does not appear in early textbooks because it does not translate. Learners tend to meet it, assume it means "you must be tired," and then feel odd saying it to someone who is visibly full of energy at 9am. That reading is the problem. It is not a comment on their state; it is an acknowledgement of their effort, and effort is assumed.

The basics

What is it actually made of?

疲つかれる (つかれる) is "to get tired." 疲つかれ is the noun, "tiredness." お and さま wrap it in respect, exactly as they do in お客きゃくさま. Put together, it is a respectful acknowledgement of someone's exertion.

お疲つかれさまです。 — (greeting a colleague at any hour; "hello", roughly) お疲つかれさまでした。 — (said as someone leaves, or when something has ended)

The English column is deliberately empty of a literal translation, because there is not one. Treat it as a social move rather than a sentence with content.

です or でした?

This is the one distinction worth getting right, and it is about whether the effort is ongoing or finished.

  • お疲つかれさまです — present. In passing, on arrival, in the corridor, at the start of an email or a phone call.
  • お疲つかれさまでした — past. When someone finishes, leaves, or the thing you did together is over.

お疲つかれさまです。今いま、大丈夫だいじょうぶですか。 — Hi — do you have a moment? (polite; standard way to open a request to a colleague) お先さきに失礼しつれいします。— お疲つかれさまでした。 — "I'm off, excuse me." — "Thanks for your work today." (the standard exchange at the end of a day)

That second exchange is worth memorising as a unit. The person leaving says 先さきに失礼しつれいします; the people remaining say お疲つかれさまでした. It happens thousands of times a day across the country in exactly that shape.

The casual versions

Among friends and equals it shortens, like everything else in Japanese.

お疲つかれ! — Nice one / see you / hi. (casual; friends, or colleagues you are close to) おつかれ〜。 — (very casual, drawn out; the written form you will see in messages)

Young people write おつ or 乙おつ in chat, the second being a kanji chosen purely because it is read おつ. If you see 乙おつ alone in a message, nobody is talking about the second in a series.

Beyond the basics

Do not say ご苦労くろうさま upwards

ご苦労くろうさま (ごくろうさま) means almost the same thing and carries the opposite social direction. It is what a superior says to a subordinate for work done on their behalf. Said to your boss, it is a small disaster.

ご苦労くろうさま。 — Thanks for your trouble. (from a superior to a subordinate only)

The safe rule: use お疲つかれさまです with everyone, in every direction, forever. It works upward, downward and sideways. ご苦労くろうさま is one to recognise, not to produce. This is the same territory as knowing when to drop polite forms at all, covered in keigo vs casual.

It is not only for work

Anything undertaken with effort qualifies. A long train journey, a move, an exam, a performance, a tour.

長旅ながたび、お疲つかれさまでした。 — You must have had a long journey. (polite; said to someone who has just arrived) 練習れんしゅう、お疲つかれさま。 — Good work at practice. (casual)

It is also the standard thing to say to someone who has just finished a performance or a shift, where English would reach for "good job." The difference is that お疲つかれさま carries no judgement of quality — it acknowledges that effort happened, which makes it safe to say before you have any idea whether the thing went well.

As a toast, a sign-off, and an email opener

At a drinking party it frequently replaces 乾杯かんぱい for the second and subsequent rounds, and it is what you say when someone arrives late. In email, お疲つかれさまです is the standard internal opening line, where an external email would use いつもお世話せわになっております.

お疲つかれさまです。会議かいぎの件けんですが… — Hi — about the meeting… (polite; standard internal email opening)

That distinction — お疲つかれさまです inside the company, お世話せわになっております outside it — is one of the most useful pieces of business Japanese you can learn early, because getting it backwards is immediately noticeable. The rest of the drinking-party vocabulary is in 飲み会のみかい and 無礼講ぶれいこう.

What it is not

It is not thanks for a favour. If someone helps you personally, you say ありがとうございます. お疲つかれさま acknowledges their labour in general; ありがとう thanks them for something specific done for you. Saying お疲つかれさま when someone has just carried your bag up three flights of stairs sounds oddly institutional, like a manager signing off a timesheet. The full range of thanks is in how to say thank you in Japanese.

It is also not a question. お疲つかれさまですか is not a thing.

疲つかれた on its own

The plain 疲つかれた ("I'm tired") is a separate, everyday complaint, and it is not polite to say it at someone as a greeting.

疲つかれた〜。 — I'm exhausted. (casual; about yourself, to someone you're comfortable with) お疲つかれでしょう。 — You must be tired. (polite; genuine concern, e.g. to a guest who has travelled)

お疲つかれでしょう is a real observation about their state, and it belongs with hospitality — offering a seat, a drink, a rest. That is different from the ritual お疲つかれさまです, which says nothing about how anyone actually feels.

Common mistakes

  • Saying ご苦労くろうさま to a superior. The most consequential mistake on this page. It reads as talking down to them.
  • Treating it as a literal comment on tiredness. It is a greeting. Nobody is claiming you look exhausted at 9:15am.
  • Using it for personal thanks. ありがとうございます for a favour; お疲つかれさま for effort in general.
  • Getting です and でした backwards. でした is for something finished. Saying お疲つかれさまでした to someone who has just arrived for the day implies their day is over.
  • Opening an external email with it. To a client or another company, いつもお世話せわになっております is the expected line.

Which phrase, when

Situation Say Notes
Passing a colleague お疲つかれさまです Works as hello, all day
Someone is leaving お疲つかれさまでした The thing is finished
You are leaving お先さきに失礼しつれいします They answer with お疲つかれさまでした
Friend, casually お疲つかれ! Also written おつかれ〜, おつ, 乙おつ
Someone did you a favour ありがとうございます Thanks, not acknowledgement
Internal email opening お疲つかれさまです Inside your organisation
External email opening いつもお世話せわになっております Outside your organisation
A superior to a subordinate ご苦労くろうさま Recognise it; do not say it upward
A guest who has travelled far お疲つかれでしょう Real concern, not ritual

FAQ

Can I say it to someone who is not working? Yes, if they have done something effortful — a long trip, a match, a move, a rehearsal. What it does not fit is someone who has just been relaxing, where it sounds like a joke. Often it is one.

Is it rude to say お疲つかれさま without です to a superior? It is too casual. Keep です for anyone above you or anyone you do not know well. The bare お疲つかれ is for friends and close colleagues.

Why do people say it when they arrive, not just when they leave? Because it is not about the end of a day; it is an acknowledgement of ongoing effort. Arriving into a room where people are working, you are recognising the work already in progress.

What do I say back? The same thing. お疲つかれさまです is answered with お疲つかれさまです, and nobody finds that strange. Matching the phrase exactly is the norm.

Is 乙おつ really used? In casual online writing, yes. It is read おつ and stands in for お疲つかれ. It is internet register — not something to put in an email.

Does it work outside Japan with Japanese friends? Completely. It travels with the language rather than the workplace, and many bilingual speakers keep using it in English conversations because there is no English word that does the job.

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair, and so are 6 and 7.

1. You pass a colleague in the corridor in the morning. What do you say?

Show answer

お疲つかれさまです — present tense, because the work is ongoing. This is the pair to question 2.

2. A colleague is going home for the day. What do you say?

Show answer

お疲つかれさまでした — past tense, because their day is finished. This is the pair to question 1.

3. You are the one leaving first. What do you say?

Show answer

お先さきに失礼しつれいします — "excuse me for going ahead." The others answer with お疲つかれさまでした.

4. Something is wrong here: saying ご苦労くろうさま to your boss.

Show answer

お疲つかれさまです — ご苦労くろうさま travels downward only. Said upward it sounds like you are the one dispensing praise.

5. Open an email to a colleague inside your company.

Show answer

お疲つかれさまです — the standard internal opener. Externally it would be いつもお世話せわになっております.

6. A friend carries your suitcase up the stairs. What do you say?

Show answer

ありがとうございます(ありがとう) — a personal favour takes thanks, not acknowledgement of labour. This is the pair to question 7.

7. That same friend finishes a three-hour shift. What do you say?

Show answer

お疲つかれさま — effort in general, with no comment on how it went. This is the pair to question 6.

8. A guest arrives after a long flight. Say something that shows real concern.

Show answer

お疲つかれでしょう — "you must be tired." This one is about their actual state, and it pairs with offering a seat.

9. What does 乙おつ mean in a casual message?

Show answer

お疲つかれ — the kanji is borrowed purely for its おつ reading. Internet register only.

10. Someone says お疲つかれさまです to you. What is the normal reply?

Show answer

お疲つかれさまです — the same phrase back. Matching it exactly is the norm, not a lack of imagination.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

お疲れさま	おつかれさま — acknowledgement of someone's effort
ご苦労さま	ごくろうさま — the same, said downward only
疲れる	つかれる — to get tired
失礼	しつれい — rudeness; "excuse me"
先に	さきに — first, ahead of others
会議	かいぎ — meeting
件	けん — matter, item (in emails)
世話	せわ — care, assistance
長旅	ながたび — a long journey
練習	れんしゅう — practice
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — all right, okay
今	いま — now
仕事	しごと — work
帰る	かえる — to go home
言う	いう — to say
休む	やすむ — to rest, to take time off

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. If you learn one phrase before arriving in Japan, make it this one — it covers more situations than こんにちは, and it is the phrase that makes you sound like someone who has been here rather than someone who has studied here.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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