LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜たり〜たり: the list that says "and other things like that

〜たり〜たり lists a couple of actions as *examples* and quietly implies there were others. It is built from the past plain form, and the sentence has to end with する — dropping that final する is the single most common mistake with this grammar.

Learners usually already have the te-form for joining actions, so たり feels redundant. It isn't. The te-form gives a complete sequence; たり gives a sample. That difference is the whole reason the grammar exists.

The basics

How do you build it?

Take the plain past form of the verb and add り. Then close the sentence with する.

Verb Plain past + り
食たべる 食たべた 食たべたり
飲のむ 飲のんだ 飲のんだり
する した したり
来くる 来きた 来きたり
行いく 行いった 行いったり

週末しゅうまつは本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みたりします。 — On weekends I do things like read and watch films. (polite present — habits) 昨日きのうは掃除そうじしたり、買い物かいものしたりしました。 — Yesterday I cleaned, did some shopping, that sort of thing. (polite past)

Notice that the tense of the whole sentence lives on the final する, not on the たり. 見みたりします is present; 見みたりしました is past. The past shape inside たり is just how the form is built — it carries no tense of its own, the same way とき clauses work.

Why does it have to end in する?

Because 〜たり is not a verb — it's a noun-like listing form. It needs a verb to attach to, and する is that verb. Leaving it off produces a sentence with no predicate:

  • 本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みたり。 → incomplete in writing, though very common in casual speech as a trailing "…and stuff"
  • 本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みます。 → wrong. The two halves don't match.

The second one is the error that actually happens: learners write one たり and then finish the second verb normally. Both items need り, and する closes them.

It always means "among other things"

This is the meaning, not a nuance. 〜たり explicitly says the list is a sample.

休やすみの日にちは、寝ねたり、ゲームをしたりしています。 — On days off I sleep, play games, things like that. (polite, teiru for an ongoing habit)

If you list everything you did and use たり, you have accidentally implied there was more. If you want a genuinely complete list, use the te-form instead: 寝ねて、ゲームをしました.

Beyond the basics

One たり on its own

A single たり is perfectly grammatical and very common. It softens the statement into "for example, things like this":

たまに泣ないたりします。 — Sometimes I cry and that sort of thing. (polite, softened — the たり makes it less blunt)

This softening use is everywhere in real conversation. 心配しんぱいしたりしないで ("don't go worrying about it") is gentler than 心配しんぱいしないで, because the たり turns the worry into one example of a whole category of reactions you're waving off.

Alternating pairs: 行いったり来きたり

When the two verbs are opposites, たり stops meaning "for example" and starts meaning "back and forth, repeatedly":

雨あめが降ふったりやんだりしています。 — The rain keeps starting and stopping. (polite, ongoing) 部屋へやを行いったり来きたりしていました。 — He was pacing back and forth in the room. (polite past, ongoing)

These pairs are close to fixed vocabulary: 行いったり来きたり (pacing), 降ふったりやんだり (on and off), 上あがったり下さがったり (fluctuating), 泣ないたり笑わらったり (laughing and crying). Learn them whole.

〜たり〜たり with adjectives and nouns

Less common, but it works. Adjectives take かったり, nouns and な-adjectives take だったり:

店みせによって、高たかかったり安やすかったりします。 — Depending on the shop, it's expensive or cheap. (polite — variation across cases) 休やすみは日曜にちようだったり月曜げつようだったりします。 — My day off is Sunday, or Monday, it varies. (polite)

With this pattern the meaning shifts again — toward "it varies, it depends." If your adjective past forms are solid, かったり costs you nothing new.

たり vs て-form vs し

Three ways to join things, three different jobs:

Form What it lists Implication
〜て、〜て Actions in sequence A complete, ordered account
〜たり〜たりする Example actions There were others
〜し、〜し Reasons or qualities There are more reasons

朝あさごはんを食たべて、学校がっこうに行いきました。 — I ate breakfast and went to school. (sequence — in that order) 朝あさは食たべたり食たべなかったりします。 — In the mornings I eat sometimes and sometimes don't. (variation)

The し pattern is the closest cousin: 〜し also implies an unfinished list, but it lists reasons, where たり lists actions.

したりしなかったり

Pairing a verb with its own negative is a compact way to say "sometimes yes, sometimes no":

彼かれは来きたり来こなかったりです。 — He shows up sometimes and not others. (polite, slightly resigned)

Note that this one often ends in です rather than します, because it has become a description of a state rather than an action.

Common mistakes

  • Forgetting the final する. 本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みたり。 needs します or しました to be a complete sentence in writing.
  • Only marking one item. 本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みます is broken. Both verbs take り.
  • Using the dictionary form. 読よむたり does not exist. It is built from the past: 読よんだ → 読よんだり.
  • Using たり for a complete list. If you actually did exactly two things and want to say so, use the te-form. たり always leaks "and other stuff."
  • Doubling the tense. 読よんだりしました is correct; 読よんだりしたりしました is not. Only the final する takes the tense.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: same two actions, and only the connector changes.

1. Make たり from 飲のむ.

Show answer

飲のんだり — plain past 飲のんだ, then り. The past shape is how the form is built; it carries no tense.

2. Something is wrong here: 週末しゅうまつは本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みます。

Show answer

映画えいがを見みたりします — both items need り, and the sentence closes with する.

3. Something is wrong here: 読よむたり、書かくたりします。

Show answer

読よんだり、書かいたりします — たり attaches to the plain past form, not the dictionary form.

4. Say "I ate breakfast and went to school" — a complete, ordered account.

Show answer

朝あさごはんを食たべて、学校がっこうに行いきました — the te-form, because this is a full sequence with nothing left out.

5. Say "On weekends I do things like eat out and go to the cinema."

Show answer

週末しゅうまつは外そとで食たべたり、映画えいがを見みたりします — たり, because these are examples. This is the pair to question 4: the te-form reports, たり samples.

6. Say "The rain keeps starting and stopping."

Show answer

雨あめが降ふったりやんだりしています — with opposite verbs, たり means alternation rather than "for example."

7. Put the sentence 本ほんを読よんだりします into the past.

Show answer

本ほんを読よんだりしました — only the final する moves. The たり never changes.

8. How do you say "depending on the shop, it's expensive or cheap"?

Show answer

店みせによって、高たかかったり安やすかったりします — い-adjectives take かったり. Here the pattern means "it varies."

9. Why is 心配しんぱいしたりしないで softer than 心配しんぱいしないで?

Show answer

たり turns the worry into one example of a category — you are waving off a whole kind of reaction rather than issuing a direct instruction about one.

10. What does 彼かれは来きたり来こなかったりです say about him?

Show answer

He turns up some days and not others — pairing a verb with its own negative is the compact way to say "it varies." It ends in です because it describes a state.

FAQ

Do I need exactly two たり? No. One is fine and common (softening), and three is possible though it starts to feel like a list for its own sake. Two is the default.

Can I use it for future plans? Yes: 日本にほんで寿司すしを食たべたり、お寺てらに行いったりしたいです ("I want to do things like eat sushi and visit temples"). The たい goes on the final する.

Does the order matter? Not grammatically. Because the list is explicitly incomplete, nobody reads it as a sequence — which is exactly what separates it from the te-form.

Is 〜たりして a thing? Yes — たりして at the end of a sentence adds a playful "…or something," often for a half-joking guess: 明日あしたは雪ゆきが降ふったりして ("maybe it'll even snow tomorrow").

Can I use たり with just one verb repeated? Only with its negative: 行いったり行いかなかったり. Repeating the same positive verb twice does not mean anything.

Is the final する ever replaced? です appears in the したりしなかったり pattern, and です/でした can close adjective and noun versions. Otherwise する is the standard closer.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

週末	しゅうまつ — weekend
読む	よむ — to read
映画	えいが — film, movie
見る	みる — to see, to watch
掃除	そうじ — cleaning
買い物	かいもの — shopping
休み	やすみ — day off, holiday
寝る	ねる — to sleep
泣く	なく — to cry
笑う	わらう — to laugh
雨	あめ — rain
降る	ふる — to fall (rain, snow)
部屋	へや — room
店	みせ — shop
高い	たかい — expensive, high
安い	やすい — cheap
日曜	にちよう — Sunday
朝ごはん	あさごはん — breakfast
学校	がっこう — school
心配	しんぱい — worry
雪	ゆき — snow

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Almost every learner who reaches this point writes one たり, then finishes the second verb normally, and the sentence quietly breaks. Marking both items and closing with する is the whole fix.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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