LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

〜ても: "even if" — and the question words that turn it into "no matter what

〜ても means "even if" or "even though": you do A, and B happens anyway. It is the te-form plus も, and when you put a question word in front of it, the whole thing turns into "no matter what" — which is where most of its real-world value is.

Learners usually arrive at this having already met 〜てもいいですか for permission, without noticing that it is the same grammar. 食たべてもいいですか is literally "even if I eat it, is it fine?" Once you see that, ても stops being a new item and becomes a piece you already own.

The basics

How to build it

Take the te-form and add も.

Type Form 〜ても
Verb 行いく → 行いって 行いっても
Verb, negative 行いかない → 行いかなくて 行いかなくても
い-adjective 高たかい → 高たかくて 高たかくても
な-adjective 便利べんりだ → 便利べんりで 便利べんりでも
Noun 学生がくせいだ → 学生がくせいで 学生がくせいでも

For adjectives and nouns, the connector is で or くて — the same te-form logic applied to non-verbs. 高たかいでも is the standard mistake; it has to be 高たかくても.

雨あめが降ふっても、行いきます。 — Even if it rains, I'm going. 高たかくても買かいます。 — Even if it's expensive, I'll buy it. 学生がくせいでも入いれます。 — Even students can enter.

The two meanings, and how to tell them apart

〜ても covers both "even if" (hypothetical) and "even though" (factual), and the tense of the second half decides which.

明日あした雨あめが降ふっても、行いきます。 — Even if it rains tomorrow, I'll go. (hasn't happened) 雨あめが降ふっても、行いきました。 — Even though it rained, I went. (it did happen)

English needs two different phrases. Japanese uses one form and lets the rest of the sentence sort it out, which is a pattern you will see again and again.

Question word + ても = "no matter what"

This is where ても earns its place. Put a question word in front and you get a blanket statement.

Pattern Meaning
何なにをしても no matter what I do
誰だれが来きても no matter who comes
どこへ行いっても wherever I go
いつ来きても whenever you come
いくら〜ても no matter how much
どんなに〜ても however much

何なにを言いっても、彼かれは聞きかない。 — No matter what I say, he won't listen. どこへ行いっても、人ひとが多おおい。 — Wherever you go, it's crowded. いくら食たべても、太ふとらない。 — No matter how much I eat, I don't gain weight.

いくら〜ても and どんなに〜ても are worth memorising as fixed shapes. They are extremely common, and both need the ても at the end — いくら食たべて alone is not a sentence.

Beyond the basics

ても vs けど vs のに

All three can translate as "but" or "though," and they are genuinely different.

Form What it says Example
〜ても Even if / even though — general or hypothetical 雨あめが降ふっても行いきます
〜けど / 〜が But — a plain factual contrast 雨あめが降ふっているけど、行いきます
〜のに Despite — and I'm surprised or annoyed 雨あめが降ふっているのに、行いくの?

The one to get right is のに. It is not neutral: it carries a complaint or surprise that ても does not.

勉強べんきょうしたけど、できなかった。 — I studied, but I couldn't do it. (flat statement) 勉強べんきょうしたのに、できなかった。 — I studied, and still couldn't do it. (frustrated) 勉強べんきょうしても、できない。 — Even if I study, I can't do it. (general truth about me)

If you are describing one specific thing that already happened, けど or のに. If you are making a general or hypothetical claim, ても.

The permission grammar is the same grammar

〜てもいいですか is just ても plus いい plus a question.

食たべてもいいですか。 — Literally: even if I eat it, is it fine?

And its negative partner, 〜なくてもいい, is the same thing with a negative verb: even if I don't, it's fine. Three grammar points from three different textbook chapters, and one construction underneath all of them.

〜ても〜ても: doubling it for emphasis

Repeating the same verb in ても form means the action goes on and on with no result.

待まっても待まっても、来こなかった。 — I waited and waited, and he never came. やってもやっても、終おわらない。 — No matter how much I do, it never ends.

This is the same doubling instinct behind 〜ば〜ほど: repeating a verb in Japanese turns a single action into a process. Here the process is futile, which is exactly the feeling being conveyed.

How does it sound in anime?

The question-word patterns carry a lot of declarative dialogue, because "no matter what" is what a character says when they have decided something:

何なにがあっても守まもる。 — No matter what happens, I'll protect you. 何度なんどやっても同おなじだ。 — However many times you try, it's the same. どんなに離はなれていても。 — However far apart we are.

何なにがあっても is close to a fixed phrase and is worth learning whole. Note that these lines almost always leave the second half short or unsaid — the ても clause does the heavy lifting and the conclusion is a few syllables, which is where the weight lands.

でも as a word of its own

Separately from the grammar, でも is a whole set of everyday words, and they are worth collecting because they are short and high-frequency.

でも、行いきます。 — But I'm going. (sentence-initial "but") お茶ちゃでも飲のみませんか。 — Shall we have tea or something? (でも softening a suggestion) 誰だれでもできます。 — Anyone can do it. (question word + でも) いつでもいいですよ。 — Any time is fine.

That third and fourth pattern is the noun version of the question-word ても: 何なんでも ("anything"), 誰だれでも ("anyone"), どこでも ("anywhere"), いつでも ("any time"). Same idea, attached to a noun rather than a verb — and 何なんでもいい ("anything's fine") is probably the single most-used of the lot.

Common mistakes

  • 高たかいでも. い-adjectives take くても: 高たかくても. Only nouns and な-adjectives take でも.
  • Using ても for a single past fact. 雨あめが降ふっても行いきました works, but for a plain "it rained, but I went" about one specific day, けど is more natural.
  • Using ても where のに is meant. ても is neutral; のに carries frustration. 約束やくそくしたのに来こなかった ("he promised and still didn't come") loses its whole point as 約束やくそくしても.
  • Dropping the ても in いくら〜ても. いくら食たべて is unfinished. The pattern needs both halves.
  • Forgetting the negative form. "Even if I don't go" is 行いかなくても, built on なくて — not 行いかないでも.
  • Treating 〜てもいい as unrelated. It is the same ても. Seeing the connection saves you memorising three patterns separately.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 5 and 6 are a pair: the same facts, and the connector decides whether you are complaining.

1. Make 行いく into the 〜ても form.

Show answer

行いっても — te-form 行いって plus も. Negative: 行いかなくても, built on なくて.

2. Something is wrong here: 高たかいでも買かいます。

Show answer

高たかくても買かいます — い-adjectives use くても. でも is only for nouns and な-adjectives: 学生がくせいでも, 便利べんりでも.

3. Say "no matter what I say, he won't listen."

Show answer

何なにを言いっても、彼かれは聞きかない — a question word plus ても gives you "no matter what." The same shape works with 誰だれが, どこへ and いつ.

4. Say "no matter how much I eat, I don't gain weight."

Show answer

いくら食たべても、太ふとらない — いくら〜ても is a fixed pair and needs both halves. いくら食たべて on its own is unfinished.

5. What does 勉強べんきょうしたけど、できなかった mean?

Show answer

"I studied, but I couldn't do it" — a flat factual contrast about one occasion. No feeling attached.

6. What does 勉強べんきょうしたのに、できなかった add?

Show answer

Frustration — のに says "and still." This is the pair to question 5: identical facts, and のに tells the listener how you feel about them.

7. What is 食たべてもいいですか literally asking?

Show answer

"Even if I eat it, is it fine?" — the permission grammar is this same ても plus いい. One construction, three textbook chapters.

8. What does 待まっても待まっても、来こなかった mean, and why the repetition?

Show answer

"I waited and waited, and he never came" — doubling a verb in ても form turns one action into a drawn-out, futile process. The repetition is the feeling.

9. Say "even if it rains tomorrow, I'll go."

Show answer

明日あした雨あめが降ふっても、行いきます — the non-past ending makes it hypothetical. Change 行いきます to 行いきました and the same clause becomes "even though it rained."

10. How do you say "even if I don't go"?

Show answer

行いかなくても — the negative ない becomes なくて, then も. 行いかないでも is not the standard form.

FAQ

What is the difference between でも at the start of a sentence and 〜ても? Completely different words that look alike. でも at the start means "but": でも、行いきます ("but I'll go"). 〜ても is attached to a verb or adjective and means "even if." The give-away is position.

Is 〜ても formal? Neutral — it works in speech, writing and business alike. The question-word patterns (何なにがあっても, どんなに〜ても) lean slightly dramatic, which is why they appear so often in fiction and in speeches.

Can I use ても with a request? Yes, and it is common: 高たかくても買かってください ("buy it even if it's expensive"). This is one of the places ても is more flexible than a conditional like と, which cannot be followed by a request at all.

What about 〜としても? A more emphatic, slightly formal "even supposing": 本当ほんとうだとしても、遅おそすぎる ("even supposing it's true, it's too late"). Recognise it in writing; ても covers your speaking needs.

How is どんなに〜ても different from いくら〜ても? They overlap heavily. いくら leans toward quantity and effort (いくら払はらっても, "no matter how much I pay"); どんなに leans toward degree and intensity (どんなに辛つらくても, "however hard it is"). Either is usually understood.

Why does 何なにがあっても sound so final? Because it closes off every alternative before the sentence even reaches its point. A speaker who says 何なにがあっても has pre-emptively ruled out every objection, which is why it is the line characters use right before doing something difficult.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

雨	あめ — rain
降る	ふる — to fall (rain, snow)
高い	たかい — expensive, tall
買う	かう — to buy
学生	がくせい — student
入る	はいる — to enter
言う	いう — to say
聞く	きく — to listen, to ask
太る	ふとる — to gain weight
勉強	べんきょう — study
約束	やくそく — a promise
待つ	まつ — to wait
終わる	おわる — to end, to finish
守る	まもる — to protect
何度	なんど — how many times
離れる	はなれる — to be apart
便利	べんり — convenient
辛い	つらい — hard, painful
払う	はらう — to pay
本当	ほんとう — true, real

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Most learners already own this grammar without knowing it — they have been asking 食たべてもいいですか for a year — so the lesson is usually not teaching ても at all, it is pointing at the thing they already say.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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