LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

Transitive and intransitive verbs: 開ひらける vs 開ひらく, and why Japanese prefers the second

Japanese splits into pairs what English does with one verb. 開ひらける is "to open something" and 開ひらく is "for something to open" — and the choice is not stylistic. One takes を and names a person; the other takes が and does not. Japanese reaches for the second far more often than English does.

There are around three hundred of these pairs, and no rule predicts them perfectly. But there are strong patterns, and there is one insight that makes the whole category make sense: Japanese would often rather say that something happened than say who did it.

The basics

The two kinds

他動詞たどうし (transitive) — someone does it to something. Takes を. 自動詞じどうし (intransitive) — it happens. Takes が.

私わたしがドアを開ひらけました。 — I opened the door. (を — I did it) ドアが開ひらきました。 — The door opened. (が — it happened)

Both sentences are natural Japanese. English has to work harder to get the second one — "the door opened" sounds slightly odd unless something dramatic is going on — whereas in Japanese it is the more ordinary sentence of the two.

The pairs you will meet first

Transitive (を) Intransitive (が) Meaning
開ひらける 開ひらく open
閉しめる 閉しまる close
始はじめる 始はじまる begin
つける つく turn on
消けす 消きえる turn off, disappear
入いれる 入いる put in / go in
出だす 出でる take out / go out
止やめる 止とまる stop
落おとす 落おちる drop / fall
決きめる 決きまる decide / be decided
変かえる 変かわる change
直なおす 直なおる fix / be fixed
割わる 割われる break
見みつける 見みつかる find / be found

電気でんきをつけてください。 — Please turn on the light. (transitive) 電気でんきがつきました。 — The light came on. (intransitive)

The endings that hint at which is which

No rule covers every pair, but three patterns cover most of them.

Pattern Usually Example
ends in -す transitive 出だす, 消けす, 落おとす, 直なおす
ends in -aru intransitive 閉しまる, 始はじまる, 決きまる, 変かわる
ends in -eru paired with -aru transitive 閉しめる, 始はじめる, 決きめる, 変かえる

So if you meet a new verb ending in す, bet transitive. If it ends in ある-shaped -aru, bet intransitive. You will be right most of the time, and wrong often enough that you should still learn them in pairs.

Beyond the basics

Japanese prefers the intransitive

This is the cultural half, and it is why the category matters beyond a conjugation table.

お皿さらが割われました。 — The plate broke. (the normal thing to say) お皿さらを割わりました。 — I broke the plate. (an admission)

Both are correct. The first is what you say when a plate breaks. The second specifically puts you in it, and it is closer to a confession than a description. Where English says "I broke your glass," Japanese will often say グラスが割われちゃって… — "the glass broke, and…" — and everyone understands what happened without anyone naming a culprit.

This is not evasiveness so much as a different default. Japanese describes situations; English assigns agents. Once you notice it, a lot of sentences that seemed oddly passive start making sense.

〜ている and 〜てある split along the same line

The two forms that describe states pick different halves of the pair.

ドアが開ひらいている。 — The door is open. (intransitive + ている — just describing it) ドアが開ひらけてある。 — The door has been opened. (transitive + てある — someone did it deliberately)

〜てある always uses the transitive verb and implies intention and preparation. 〜ている with the intransitive just reports the state. This is the same split covered in 〜ている, and the verb pairs are what make it possible.

窓まどが閉しまっています。 — The window is closed. 窓まどが閉しめてあります。 — The window has been closed (by someone, on purpose).

Watch what happens to the particle

The particle flips with the verb, and it is the fastest way to check yourself.

✗ ドアを開ひらきました。 。○ ドアが開ひらきました。 — The door opened. ○ ドアを開ひらけました。 — I opened the door.

を with an intransitive verb is the classic error. If the verb is the "it happens" one, the thing takes が, and there is no を in the sentence at all. This is the same が territory as ある and いる.

There is one genuine exception worth knowing: verbs of motion take を for the path travelled — 公園こうえんを歩あるく ("walk through the park"), 橋はしを渡わたる ("cross the bridge"). That を is not an object; it marks a route.

How does it sound in anime?

The intransitive forms carry a lot of dramatic narration, precisely because they describe events with no visible agent:

ドアが開ひらいた。 — The door opened. 火ひが消きえた。 — The fire went out. 何なにかが変かわった。 — Something changed.

Each of those would need an agent in English, or a passive. Japanese just lets the event be an event. It is one of the reasons Japanese narration can feel atmospheric in a way that is genuinely hard to translate — nothing is being done to anything; things are simply happening.

Common mistakes

  • ドアを開ひらきました. Intransitive verbs take が, not を. 開ひらく is "it opens."
  • 電気でんきをつく. つく is intransitive. To turn a light on, つける: 電気でんきをつける.
  • Learning them one at a time. Always learn the pair. Half a pair is worse than useless, because it feels like you know the verb.
  • Assuming the transitive version is the normal one. In Japanese the intransitive is often the default, especially for accidents and for anything you would rather not confess to.
  • Using 〜てある with the intransitive. 開ひらいてある is not a thing; it is either 開ひらいている or 開ひらけてある.
  • Reading を with 歩あるく or 渡わたる as an object. That を marks a path, not a thing being acted on.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: one door, two ways of describing what happened to it.

1. Say "I opened the door."

Show answer

ドアを開ひらけました — 開ひらける is transitive, so the door takes を and you are the one doing it.

2. Say "the door opened."

Show answer

ドアが開ひらきました — 開ひらく is intransitive, so the door takes が and nobody is named. This is the pair to question 1: same event, and Japanese usually prefers this one.

3. Something is wrong here: ドアを開ひらきました。

Show answer

ドアが開ひらきました or ドアを開ひらけました — を with an intransitive verb is the classic error. Pick the verb, and the particle follows.

4. Say "please turn on the light."

Show answer

電気でんきをつけてください — つける is the transitive one. つく is "it comes on": 電気でんきがつきました.

5. A new verb ends in す. Transitive or intransitive?

Show answer

Probably transitive — 出だす, 消けす, 落おとす, 直なおす. Verbs in -aru (閉しまる, 始はじまる, 決きまる) are usually intransitive. Not a perfect rule, but a good bet.

6. You broke a plate. What would a Japanese speaker normally say?

Show answer

お皿さらが割われました — the intransitive. お皿さらを割わりました is correct but specifically puts you in it, closer to a confession than a description.

7. What is the difference between ドアが開ひらいている and ドアが開ひらけてある?

Show answer

Whether someone did it on purpose — 開ひらいている (intransitive + ている) just reports the door is open. 開ひらけてある (transitive + てある) says someone opened it and left it that way deliberately.

8. Something is wrong here: ドアが開ひらいてあります。

Show answer

開ひらいています or 開ひらけてあります — 〜てある always takes the transitive verb. 〜ている takes the intransitive.

9. Why does 公園こうえんを歩あるく have を with an intransitive verb?

Show answer

That を marks a path, not an object — verbs of motion use it for the route travelled: 橋はしを渡わたる, 道みちを走はしる. It is a different を entirely.

10. Why does Japanese narration feel so agentless?

Show answer

The intransitive is often the default — 火ひが消きえた, 何なにかが変かわった. Japanese describes situations; English assigns agents. The verb pairs are what make that possible.

FAQ

How many pairs do I need to learn? The fourteen in the table above cover most daily situations. Beyond that, learn each new pair when you meet it — and always both halves at once, because half a pair will let you build a sentence that is confidently wrong.

Is there a real rule, or just patterns? Just patterns, unfortunately. The pairs come from Old Japanese morphology that has been worn down over centuries, so the endings rhyme without being predictable. Native speakers learn them as vocabulary too.

Why does English not have this? It does, in a few places — "raise" and "rise," "lay" and "lie," "fell" and "fall." Speakers famously mix those up, which is a fair preview of how this feels. Japanese simply has three hundred of them and keeps them straight.

Does the passive relate to this? It overlaps. Where English uses a passive to avoid naming an agent, Japanese often reaches for an intransitive verb instead: ドアが開ひらいた rather than "the door was opened." The passive exists too, and it carries a different feel — often one of being affected.

Which one goes with 自分じぶんで? The transitive: 自分じぶんでドアを開ひらけました ("I opened the door myself"). 自分じぶんで means you personally did it, so it needs the verb that names a doer.

What about 見みつける and 見みつかる? A useful pair precisely because English collapses them: 見みつけました is "I found it," 見みつかりました is "it was found" or "it turned up." When a lost item surfaces, Japanese uses the second — the item did the surfacing.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

開ける	あける — to open (something)
開く	あく — to open (by itself)
閉める	しめる — to close (something)
閉まる	しまる — to close (by itself)
始める	はじめる — to begin (something)
始まる	はじまる — to begin (by itself)
消す	けす — to turn off, to erase
消える	きえる — to go out, to disappear
入れる	いれる — to put in
入る	はいる — to go in
出す	だす — to take out
出る	でる — to go out
止める	とめる — to stop (something)
止まる	とまる — to stop (by itself)
落とす	おとす — to drop
落ちる	おちる — to fall
割る	わる — to break (something)
割れる	われる — to break (by itself)
見つける	みつける — to find
見つかる	みつかる — to be found
他動詞	たどうし — transitive verb
自動詞	じどうし — intransitive verb
電気	でんき — light, electricity
皿	さら — plate
渡る	わたる — to cross

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. This is the category where learners suddenly sound native or suddenly do not — because saying お皿さらを割わりました when everyone else would say 割われました is grammatically perfect and socially louder than you meant.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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