LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Lesson notes · Sep 17, 2026

Japanese duration counters: 時間じかん, 日間にちかん, ヶ月がつ — and why 二月にがつ is not "two months

Japanese marks "how long" with a separate set of words from "when" — and the marker is usually 間あいだ. Miss it and 二月にがつ ("February") comes out where you meant 二ヶ月にかげつ ("two months").

This is the single most common misunderstanding in intermediate conversation that nobody flags, because both sentences are grammatical. Your listener does not correct you; they just quietly believe you went to China in February when you meant you were there for two months.

The basics

The core distinction

Almost every time unit in Japanese has two forms: one that names a point on the calendar or clock, and one that names a span.

Unit Point in time Duration
Hour 三時さんじ — three o'clock 三時さんじ間あいだ — three hours
Day of month 三日みっか — the 3rd 三日間みっかかん — three days
Month 三月さんがつ — March 三ヶ月さんかげつ — three months
Week 今週こんしゅう — this week 三週間さんしゅうかん — three weeks
Year 2026年ねん — the year 2026 三年さんねん間あいだ — three years
Minute 三分さんぷん — three past 三分間さんぷんかん — three minutes

The pattern is 間あいだ (かん), literally "interval." Attach it and the number stops pointing at the calendar and starts measuring.

三時さんじに行いきます。 — I'll go at three o'clock. (polite) 三時さんじ間あいだかかります。 — It takes three hours. (polite)

The one that causes real trouble: 月がつ

月がつ is the worst offender, because the duration form does not use 間あいだ at all — it uses ヶ月がつ (かげつ).

二月にがつに中国ちゅうごくに行いきました。 — I went to China in February. (polite) 二ヶ月にかげつ、中国ちゅうごくにいました。 — I was in China for two months. (polite)

Those are completely different statements and they differ by one small character. Also note the readings: 二月にがつ is にがつ, 二ヶ月にかげつ is にかげつ. The ヶ is not a katakana ケ — it is a small symbol used only in this counter and a handful of place names, and it is read か.

You will see 3ヶ月がつ, 3か月がつ, 3カ月がつ and 3箇月かげつ in the wild. All the same word.

Which units need 間あいだ, and which are optional?

This is where learners over-apply the rule, so it is worth having straight:

Unit Duration form Is 間あいだ required?
秒びょう 三さん秒びょう / 三さん秒間びょうかん Optional
分ふん 三分さんぷん / 三分間さんぷんかん Optional
時とき 三さん時間じかん Required — 三時さんじ means three o'clock
日にち 三日みっか / 三日間みっかかん Optional but clarifying
週しゅう 三さん週間しゅうかん Required — 三さん週しゅう is not used alone
月がつ 三さんヶ月がつ (ヶ月間げっかん also possible) Required, and 間あいだ is not the marker
年ねん 三年さんねん / 三年さんねん間あいだ Optional

So: 時とき and 週しゅう always take 間あいだ; 月がつ takes ヶ月がつ instead; everything else is optional, and adding 間あいだ just makes the "span" reading explicit.

With 日にち, adding 間あいだ is genuinely useful because 三日みっか is ambiguous between "the 3rd" and "three days." 三日間みっかかん can only mean the span.

Beyond the basics

The readings that break

Duration counters inherit all the irregular number readings, and a few extra.

  • 一日いちにち — ついたち (the 1st of the month) vs いちにち (one day). Same characters, and this one catches everyone.
  • 一月いちがつ — いちがつ (January) vs ひとつき (one month, an older reading you will still hear). For "one month" as a number, 一ヶ月いっかげつ (いっかげつ) is the safe form.
  • 四日よっか — よっか (not しにち). 八日ようか — ようか. 二十日はつか — はつか.
  • 四時よじ間あいだ — よじかん (not しじかん). 九時くじ間あいだ — くじかん.
  • 一ヶ月いっかげつ — いっかげつ, with the small っ. Likewise 六ろくヶ月がつ ろっかげつ, 八はちヶ月がつ はっかげつ, 十じゅうヶ月がつ じゅっかげつ.

The day-of-month readings up to ten are irregular in both roles, which is why days and dates is worth a separate pass.

Do duration phrases take a particle?

Usually none. A duration behaves like an adverb and sits bare in the sentence.

三日間みっかかん、京都きょうとにいました。 — I was in Kyoto for three days. (polite — no particle after 三日間みっかかん) 二時間にじかんくらい待まちました。 — I waited about two hours. (polite)

Adding に here is a common mistake, because に marks a point, which is exactly what a duration is not. 三時さんじに待まちました means you waited at three o'clock.

The exception is 〜間まに ("during, within"), which does take に and does mean something different:

夏休なつやすみの間まに、宿題しゅくだいを終おわらせます。 — I'll finish my homework during the summer holiday. (polite — に marks a point inside the span)

Halves and approximations

一時間半いちじかんはんかかります。 — It takes an hour and a half. (polite — 半はん goes after the unit) 三ヶ月さんかげつ半はん、日本にほんにいました。 — I was in Japan for three and a half months. (polite) 二週間にしゅうかんくらいです。 — It's about two weeks. (polite — くらい / ぐらい for approximation) 約やく三十さんじゅう分ふんです。 — Approximately thirty minutes. (polite — 約やく is written and formal)

くらい and ぐらい are interchangeable and both correct; ぐらい is slightly more common in speech. 約やく goes before the number, くらい goes after.

For building the question that these answer, see どれくらいかかりますか.

〜ぶり — "for the first time in X"

A duration plus ぶり says how long it had been since the last time. It is extremely common and rarely taught early.

三年さんねんぶりに日本にほんに行いきます。 — I'm going to Japan for the first time in three years. (polite) 久ひさしぶりですね。 — Long time no see. (polite — literally "it's been a long interval")

久ひさしぶり is the same construction with 久ひさしい ("long-lasting") instead of a number, which is a nice way to see that the greeting is not an idiom but a normal phrase.

〜おきに vs 〜ごとに

Both translate as "every," and they are not the same.

三日みっかごとに薬くすりを飲のみます。 — I take the medicine every three days. (polite — on day 3, 6, 9) 一日いちにちおきに薬くすりを飲のみます。 — I take the medicine every other day. (polite — with one day skipped between)

ごとに counts the interval inclusively; おきに counts the gap you leave. 一日いちにちおき is "every other day," not "every day."

Common mistakes

  • 二月にがつ for "two months." The most expensive error on this page. 二ヶ月にかげつ for the span; 二月にがつ is February.
  • 三時さんじ for "three hours." 時とき without 間あいだ is always a clock time. There is no shortcut here — 時間じかん is mandatory.
  • Adding に to a duration. 三日間みっかかんに京都きょうとにいました is wrong. Durations take no particle.
  • Saying しじかん or しちじ carelessly. 四時よじ間あいだ is よじかん and 七時しちじ is しちじ; the irregular readings are not optional.
  • Assuming 一日いちにち is いちにち on a date. On a calendar it is ついたち. In "I waited one day" it is いちにち.
  • Treating 一日いちにちおき as "every day." It means every other day.

Quick reference

English Japanese Reading
3 seconds 三さん秒間びょうかん さんびょうかん
5 minutes 五分間ごふんかん ごふんかん
3 hours 三時さんじ間あいだ さんじかん
4 hours 四時よじ間あいだ よじかん
3 days 三日間みっかかん みっかかん
2 weeks 二週間にしゅうかん にしゅうかん
1 month 一ヶ月いっかげつ いっかげつ
6 months 六ろくヶ月がつ ろっかげつ
3 years 三年さんねん間あいだ さんねんかん
an hour and a half 一時間半いちじかんはん いちじかんはん
about 2 weeks 二週間にしゅうかんぐらい にしゅうかんぐらい

FAQ

Is ヶ a katakana ケ? No. It is a small symbol derived from an abbreviation of 箇か, and it is read か in this counter. Writing 3か月がつ or 3カ月がつ instead is completely normal.

Can I always just add 間あいだ to be safe? Almost. It is correct and natural for 秒びょう, 分ふん, 日にち, 週しゅう, 年ねん and 時とき. It does not work for 月がつ — that unit uses ヶ月がつ, and while 三ヶ月さんかげつ間あいだ is possible, 三ヶ月さんかげつ is the ordinary form.

What is the difference between 三日みっか and 三日間みっかかん? 三日みっか is ambiguous: "the 3rd of the month" or "three days." 三日間みっかかん can only be the span. In speech, context usually settles it, but 間あいだ removes the doubt.

Why does 一日いちにち have two readings? ついたち comes from 月がつ立たち ("the moon rises"), the old word for the first day of a lunar month, and it survived only in that calendar role. いちにち is the ordinary number-plus-counter reading used for duration.

How do I say "for the first time in a long while"? 久ひさしぶりに. The same pattern takes a number: 三年さんねんぶりに ("for the first time in three years"), 一週間いっしゅうかんぶりに ("for the first time in a week").

Do I need 間あいだ when the duration is the subject of the sentence? Yes, and more than usual, because the sentence loses the context that would otherwise disambiguate. 三時さんじ間あいだは長ながいです ("three hours is long") needs 間あいだ; without it you have said "three o'clock is long."

Practice

Questions 1 and 2 are a pair. One character is the difference between a month and a season.

1. Say "I went to China in February," politely.

Show answer

二月にがつに中国ちゅうごくに行いきました。 — 二月にがつ (にがつ) is the calendar month, and a point in time takes に.

2. Say "I was in China for two months," politely.

Show answer

二ヶ月にかげつ、中国ちゅうごくにいました。 — 二ヶ月にかげつ (にかげつ) is the span, and a duration takes no particle at all.

3. Say "it takes three hours," politely.

Show answer

三時さんじ間あいだかかります。 — 時とき alone is a clock time, so 間あいだ is mandatory. 三時さんじかかります would say "it takes three o'clock."

4. Say "I was in Kyoto for three days," politely.

Show answer

三日間みっかかん、京都きょうとにいました。 — 三日みっか alone could be read as "the 3rd." 間あいだ forces the span reading, and no particle follows it.

5. Say "I waited about two hours," politely.

Show answer

二時間にじかんぐらい待まちました。 — ぐらい / くらい goes after the duration. 約やく would go before it: 約やく二時間にじかん.

6. Say "it takes an hour and a half," politely.

Show answer

一時間半いちじかんはんかかります。 — 半はん attaches after the whole counter, not between the number and the unit.

7. Read 四時よじ間あいだ and 一ヶ月いっかげつ aloud.

Show answer

よじかん and いっかげつ. Not しじかん or いちかげつ. The irregular readings are not optional.

8. Say "I'm going to Japan for the first time in three years," politely.

Show answer

三年さんねんぶりに日本にほんに行いきます。 — 〜ぶりに measures the gap since the last time. 久ひさしぶり is the same pattern with no number.

9. You take the medicine on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Is that 一日いちにちおきに or 一日いちにちごとに?

Show answer

一日いちにちおきに — every other day. おきに counts the gap you skip; ごとに counts the interval inclusively, so 一日いちにちごとに means every single day.

10. Fix this: 三日間みっかかんに京都きょうとにいました。

Show answer

三日間みっかかん、京都きょうとにいました。 — Durations take no particle. に marks a point in time, which is exactly what a span is not.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

時間	じかん — hour(s), time
週間	しゅうかん — week(s)
ヶ月	かげつ — month(s), duration
年間	ねんかん — year(s)
分間	ふんかん — minute(s)
秒	びょう — second
半	はん — half
約	やく — approximately
ぐらい	ぐらい — about, roughly
かかる	かかる — to take (time), to cost
久しぶり	ひさしぶり — for the first time in a while
一日	ついたち — the first of the month
一日	いちにち — one day
待つ	まつ — to wait
薬	くすり — medicine
夏休み	なつやすみ — summer holiday

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The 二月にがつ / 二ヶ月にかげつ mix-up is the one that goes uncorrected longest, because both sentences are perfectly grammatical — the listener simply believes a different story and never asks.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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