LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N3Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 12, 2026

Ni yotte: how do you say "it depends" in Japanese?

〜によって means "depending on X" or "by means of X" — the same three characters cover variation, method, and the passive "by," and context is what tells you which one you're looking at.

This is one of the first grammar points where a single form does more than one job, which is exactly why it gets confusing. Learn the three jobs separately and it stops being one slippery rule and becomes three simple ones.

The basics

What does によって mean when something varies?

Its most common job: marking the factor that causes something to differ from case to case.

人ひとによって考え方かんがえかたが違ちがいます。 — People's ways of thinking differ depending on the person. 天気てんきによって予定よていが変かわります。 — Plans change depending on the weather. 場所ばしょによって値段ねだんが違ちがいます。 — Prices differ by location.

The pattern is almost always X によって、Y が違ちがう/変かわる — "Y differs/changes depending on X." If you see によって followed by 違ちがう or 変かわる, this is the job it's doing.

How do you build it?

Attach によって directly to a noun. That's the whole mechanic — no conjugation, no verb form to worry about.

やり方ほうによって結果けっかが変かわる。 — The result changes depending on how you do it. 時期じきによって混こみ具合ぐあいが違ちがう。 — How crowded it is differs depending on the time of year.

Is により the same thing?

Yes — により is the slightly more formal, more written version of によって. You'll see it in news headlines, notices, and academic writing; によって covers both speech and writing comfortably.

台風たいふうにより、電車でんしゃが止とまりました。 — Trains stopped due to the typhoon. (written/formal register) 台風たいふうによって、電車でんしゃが止とまりました。 — Trains stopped because of the typhoon. (same meaning, everyday register)

Beyond the basics

What's the passive "by" use?

によって also marks the agent in a formal passive sentence — who or what did the action, when the sentence is built around the thing that got acted on.

この寺てらは聖徳しょうとく太子たいしによって建たてられました。 — This temple was built by Prince Shotoku. この小説しょうせつは実話じつわによって書かかれた。 — This novel was written based on a true story.

Don't confuse this with で, which marks the material or instrument something was made with rather than the agent who made it.

この橋はしは木きで作つくられています。 — This bridge is made of wood. (で = material) この橋はしは江戸時代えどじだいの職人しょくにんによって作つくられました。 — This bridge was built by Edo-period craftsmen. (によって = agent)

For everyday spoken passives about people ("I was scolded by my teacher"), Japanese usually reaches for に instead — 先生せんせいに叱しかられた, not 先生せんせいによって叱しかられた. によって's passive use mostly lives in formal, written, historical, or ceremonial sentences.

How is によって different from 次第しだい?

次第しだい (しだい) also translates as "depends on," but the feel is stronger: it says the outcome is entirely contingent on that one factor, nothing else — closer to "it's completely up to X."

それは人次第ひとしだいです。 — That's entirely up to the person. 天気てんき次第しだいで中止ちゅうしになります。 — It'll be cancelled depending on the weather — and that's the deciding factor.

によって leaves room for multiple contributing factors; 次第しだい points at one factor as the whole answer.

What about 場合ばあいによる — is that the same idea again?

場合ばあいによる (or the shorter, very common 場合ばあいによります) means "it depends on the situation" — used as a standalone answer far more often than によって is.

場合ばあいによります。 — It depends [on the situation]. (a complete, standalone answer to a question) 時ときと場合ばあいによる。 — It depends on the time and the situation. (a natural way to hedge, casual-to-neutral)

There's also a purely casual, spoken-only cousin worth knowing: 〜によりけり, which means roughly the same as によって/による but only ever appears as a loose, conversational shrug.

それは人ひとによりけりだね。 — Well, that depends on the person, I guess.

You won't see によりけり in formal writing, but you'll hear it constantly once you know to listen for it.

Does によって ever attach to a whole clause instead of a noun?

Only indirectly — によって wants a noun in front of it, so a clause gets nominalized first with か or の before によって can attach.

誰だれが担当たんとうするかによって、進め方すすめかたが変かわります。 — How we proceed depends on who's in charge. (誰だれが担当たんとうするか — "who's in charge" — turned into a noun-like clause with か before によって)

This pattern is common once sentences get longer and more abstract — meetings, planning, anything where the deciding factor is itself a small question rather than a simple noun like 人ひと or 場所ばしょ.

How do you actually say "it depends" in Japanese?

The short answer people use most is 場合ばあいによります — "it depends on the situation." It is polite, it is a complete sentence on its own, and it is the standard way to decline to commit without sounding evasive.

場合ばあいによります。 — It depends. (polite — the all-purpose version) 人ひとによりますね。 — It depends on the person, doesn't it. (polite — the ね invites agreement) 時ときと場合ばあいによります。 — It depends on the time and the situation. (polite — a fixed pair, slightly more emphatic)

Three things worth knowing about it:

  • によります is the polite form of による, so it already carries the politeness. You do not need to add anything.
  • Naming the factor makes it warmer. 場合ばあいによります is neutral; 人ひとによります, 天気てんきによります and 値段ねだんによります all sound more helpful because they tell the listener what the answer hinges on.
  • The casual version drops the ます: 場合ばあいによる or just それによる. In very casual speech people also say 時ときと場合ばあいによるかな.

What to avoid is translating "it depends" as たぶん ("probably") or わかりません ("I don't know"). Both are true-ish and neither is what you mean — たぶん commits you to a guess, and わかりません closes the topic. によります keeps it open and honest at the same time.

How to practise it

Take a handful of everyday nouns — 天気てんき, 人ひと, 時期じき, 場所ばしょ — and build a variation sentence for each: X によって Y が違ちがう. You'll notice the pattern repeats so cleanly that after five or six, it stops feeling like grammar and starts feeling like a template you can fill in on demand.

Then, next time someone asks you a yes-or-no question you genuinely can't answer cleanly, try reaching for 場合ばあいによります instead of a flat maybe. It's a small swap, but it's the kind of natural hedge that makes intermediate Japanese sound noticeably less textbook.

Common mistakes

  • Using によって for plain cause and effect. によって marks a varying factor or a formal passive agent — it is not a general-purpose "because." 雨あめによって、傘かさを持もってきた sounds off; 雨あめだったので傘かさを持もってきた ("since it was raining, I brought an umbrella") is the natural everyday version. Reach for から or ので for ordinary reasons.
  • Mixing up によって (agent) and で (material/means). 木きによって作つくられた reads oddly; 木きで作つくられた is correct for material. Save によって's passive use for a named agent doing something formal — who built it, who wrote it, who decided it.
  • Treating によって and 次第しだい as interchangeable. They overlap but aren't identical: によって allows for several contributing factors, while 次第しだい says one factor is the whole story.
  • Forgetting による is the noun-modifying form. Mid-sentence, adverbial use is によって: 天気てんきによって変かわる. Right before a noun, it becomes による: 天気てんきによる変化へんか ("change due to weather"). Same grammar point, different grammatical slot.
  • Dropping によって entirely and just juxtaposing two nouns. 人ひと考え方かんがえかたが違ちがいます without によって is not a complete, natural sentence — the particle is doing real grammatical work here, not just adding nuance, so it can't be skipped the way some optional particles can.

Where によって sits

Expression What it signals Register
〜によって Varies by X / formal passive "by" Neutral, spoken and written
〜により Same meaning, more formal Written, formal
〜による Noun-modifying form (before a noun) Neutral
〜次第しだい Entirely contingent on X, nothing else Neutral, slightly firmer
場合ばあいによる Depends on the situation (standalone answer) Neutral, very common in speech
〜によりけり It varies / who's to say (casual shrug) Casual, spoken only

FAQ

What's the difference between によって and による? Same grammar point, different slot. によって is used mid-sentence, adverbially, before a verb: 天気てんきによって変かわる. による comes right before a noun it's modifying: 天気てんきによる変化へんか.

How is によって different from 次第しだい? によって allows multiple contributing factors and describes variation generally. 次第しだい says the outcome hinges entirely on that one thing — "it's up to X and nothing else."

Can によって mean "because of"? Loosely, in its passive-agent or basis sense — this novel is based on (によって) a true story. For ordinary daily causation ("it's raining, so I brought an umbrella"), Japanese reaches for から or ので instead, not によって, since those particles describe plain cause and effect rather than a varying factor or a formal agent.

Is により more formal than によって? Yes. により shows up constantly in news, notices, and official writing. によって is comfortable in both speech and writing, which makes it the safer default while you're still learning to feel out the registers.

How do you casually say "it depends on the situation"? 場合ばあいによる or the fuller 場合ばあいによります covers it as a direct answer. 時ときと場合ばあいによる adds "and the timing" for extra hedging. 〜によりけり is the loosest, most conversational version, closer to "eh, who knows, it varies."

Does によって ever attach directly to a verb? No — it needs a noun (or a nominalized clause with か or の, as above). If you're tempted to attach it straight to a verb, that's usually a sign the sentence wants から, ので, or ば instead, depending on what kind of connection you're actually describing.


I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I teach on italki as a Top 1% teacher and I've watched over 1,500 anime, and によって is one of those grammar points that quietly shows up in almost every intermediate lesson once students start building longer, more nuanced sentences.

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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