LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

The Japanese passive 〜られる: including the one that means "and it annoyed me

The Japanese passive does the job you expect — "it was done" — and then one job English cannot do at all. 雨あめに降ふられた means "I got rained on," with the annoyance built into the grammar. There is no English tense for that, which is why it takes learners so long to start using it.

The conjugation is the easy part. What makes this worth an article is the second use, and the fact that the passive form of Group 2 verbs is identical to the potential form — a genuine ambiguity that Japanese itself has been quietly resolving.

The basics

How to build it

Verb type Rule Example
Group 1 final -u → -areru 読よむ → 読よまれる
Group 2 drop る, add られる 食たべる → 食たべられる
する → される 注意ちゅういする → 注意ちゅういされる
来くる → 来こられる 来くる → 来らいられる

この本ほんは多おおくの人ひとに読よまれています。 — This book is read by many people. 先生せんせいに褒ほめられました。 — I was praised by the teacher. 会議かいぎは三時さんじに開ひらかれます。 — The meeting will be held at three.

The agent takes に

Whoever did it takes に, not を and not が.

母ははに怒いかられた。 — I got told off by my mother. 友達ともだちに助たすけられた。 — I was helped by a friend.

For creations and discoveries, formal Japanese uses によって instead:

この寺てらは千年せんねん前まえに建たてられました。 — This temple was built a thousand years ago. 『源氏物語げんじものがたり』は紫式部むらさきしきぶによって書かかれました。 — The Tale of Genji was written by Murasaki Shikibu.

によって is the one you want when naming a creator or an agent in writing. に is for ordinary people doing ordinary things to you.

The suffering passive: the part English lacks

This is the use that makes the passive genuinely useful in conversation. Japanese can make an intransitive verb passive to say that something happened and it affected you badly.

雨あめに降ふられた。 — I got rained on. (and it was a nuisance) 子供こどもに泣なかれて、眠ねむれなかった。 — The baby cried on me, and I couldn't sleep. 友達ともだちに来こられて、勉強べんきょうできなかった。 — A friend turned up and I couldn't study.

Look at that middle sentence. Nothing was done to you grammatically — the baby simply cried — but the passive puts you in the sentence as the person it happened to. English has to add "on me" and a tone of voice.

財布さいふを盗ぬすまれました。 — I had my wallet stolen.

This one takes both: the thing stolen keeps を, and you are the subject. 私わたしの財布さいふが盗ぬすまれました is grammatical but sounds like a police report about an object; 財布さいふを盗ぬすまれました is about what happened to you.

Beyond the basics

食たべられる is both passive and potential

Group 2 verbs make their passive and their potential identically, which is a real ambiguity.

これは食たべられますか。 — Can this be eaten? / Is this edible? (potential) ケーキを弟おとうとに食たべられた。 — My little brother ate my cake. (passive — and I mind)

Context usually decides. But Japanese has been resolving it anyway, through a change called ら抜ぬき言葉ことば ("ra-dropping"): in casual speech the potential drops the ら, leaving the passive with it.

Potential (casual) Passive
食たべる 食たべれる 食たべられる
見みる 見みれる 見みられる
来くる 来らいれる 来こられる

食たべれる is extremely common in speech and still considered non-standard in writing and formal contexts. Recognise it, expect to hear it constantly, and write 食たべられる. The important thing is knowing why it exists: it is the language solving exactly the problem you just noticed.

Group 1 verbs have no such problem — 読よめる (potential) and 読よまれる (passive) are already different.

Why news and signs are full of passives

Japanese formal writing uses the passive to avoid naming an agent, exactly as English does.

〜と言いわれています。 — It is said that… 中止ちゅうしされました。 — It has been cancelled. この駅えきは1920年ねんに作つくられました。 — This station was built in 1920.

〜と言いわれています is worth learning as a unit. It is how Japanese attributes a claim to nobody in particular, and it appears constantly in articles, documentaries and explanations.

How is it different from the causative-passive?

They look related and describe different situations.

Form Meaning Did you act?
飲のまれた It was drunk (by someone) No
飲のまされた I was made to drink Yes, unwillingly
飲のめた I was able to drink Yes, willingly

〜させられる always means someone made you do something. The plain passive means something was done, possibly to you. The overlap in feel is that both can carry resentment — but only one of them has you performing the action.

How does it sound in anime?

The suffering passive and the plain passive both turn up, and the emotional weight is usually on the first:

殺ころされた。 — He was killed. 裏切うらぎられた。 — I was betrayed. 先さきに行いかれた。 — They got ahead of me. (and I mind) こんな所ところで死しなれてたまるか。 — Don't you dare die on me here.

That last construction — 死しなれる — is the suffering passive at full strength. Nobody is doing anything to the speaker; someone is simply dying, and the grammar makes it something being done to them. It is one of the few places where Japanese grammar is straightforwardly more expressive than English.

Common mistakes

  • Using を for the agent. The person who did it takes に: 先生せんせいに褒ほめられました.
  • Confusing passive and potential in Group 2. 食たべられる is both. Context decides; in casual speech, 食たべれる is the potential.
  • Writing 食たべれる. Fine to say, non-standard to write. Produce 食たべられる in anything formal.
  • 私わたしの財布さいふが盗ぬすまれました for a theft. Grammatical, but it makes the sentence about the wallet. 財布さいふを盗ぬすまれました is about you.
  • Avoiding the suffering passive. It is not advanced decoration — 雨あめに降ふられた is an ordinary sentence, and skipping it means saying something flatter than you meant.
  • によって with an everyday agent. 母ははによって怒いかられた is odd. によって is for creators and formal agents; に is for people.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 5 and 6 are a pair: identical grammar, two different meanings, and one of them is going away.

1. Make 読よむ passive.

Show answer

読よまれる — Group 1: the final -u becomes -areru. Polite: 読よまれます.

2. Say "I was praised by the teacher."

Show answer

先生せんせいに褒ほめられました — the agent takes に, never を or が.

3. Say "I got rained on."

Show answer

雨あめに降ふられた — the suffering passive. Nothing was done to you grammatically; the passive is what puts you in the sentence as the person affected.

4. Say "I had my wallet stolen."

Show answer

財布さいふを盗ぬすまれました — the stolen thing keeps を and you are the subject. 私わたしの財布さいふが盗ぬすまれました is about the wallet, not about you.

5. What does これは食たべられますか mean?

Show answer

"Is this edible?" — the potential reading. Group 2 verbs make the passive and potential identically.

6. What does ケーキを弟おとうとに食たべられた mean?

Show answer

"My little brother ate my cake" — and I mind — the passive reading of the same form. This is the pair to question 5: identical grammar, and only context separates them.

7. What is ら抜ぬき言葉ことば, and what problem does it solve?

Show answer

Dropping ら from the potential — 食たべれる instead of 食たべられる. It separates the potential from the passive, which is exactly the ambiguity in questions 5 and 6. Common in speech, non-standard in writing.

8. Say "the Tale of Genji was written by Murasaki Shikibu."

Show answer

『源氏物語げんじものがたり』は紫式部むらさきしきぶによって書かかれました — によって for creators and formal agents. 紫式部むらさきしきぶに書かかれました would be odd.

9. What is the difference between 飲のまれた and 飲のまされた?

Show answer

Whether you did the drinking — 飲のまれた means it was drunk by someone. 飲のまされた is the causative-passive: you drank it, unwillingly.

10. What does 〜と言いわれています do?

Show answer

Attributes a claim to nobody in particular — "it is said that…". It is how Japanese articles and documentaries make a statement without naming a source.

FAQ

Is the Japanese passive used as much as the English one? Differently. For "the door was opened," Japanese usually reaches for an intransitive verb (ドアが開ひらいた) instead. Where the passive earns its place is when someone is affected — which is why the suffering passive is the use you will actually need.

Can any verb take the suffering passive? Intransitive verbs commonly do — 降ふられる, 泣なかれる, 来こられる, 死しなれる — and the effect is always "and this was a problem for me." It cannot be used for something pleasant, which is a reliable test.

Is ら抜ぬき言葉ことば wrong? It is non-standard, not wrong. It has been spreading for decades, it is entirely normal in speech, and it will probably be standard eventually. For now: say it if you like, do not write it in an exam.

How do I make it negative or past? Regularly, because 〜れる/〜られる conjugates as a Group 2 verb: 読よまれない, 読よまれた, 読よまれなかった, 読よまれています.

Why is 私わたしの財布さいふが盗ぬすまれました worse? It is not wrong — it is just about the wallet rather than about you. Japanese strongly prefers to make the affected person the subject, which is the same instinct behind the whole suffering passive.

Does the passive relate to keigo? Yes, and confusingly: 〜れる/〜られる is also a mild honorific. 先生せんせいが来こられました can mean "the teacher came" (respectful), not "the teacher was come." Context and the lack of an agent tell you which, and this honorific use is common in business Japanese.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

読む	よむ — to read
食べる	たべる — to eat
褒める	ほめる — to praise
怒る	おこる — to get angry, to tell off
助ける	たすける — to help, to save
盗む	ぬすむ — to steal
財布	さいふ — wallet
雨	あめ — rain
降る	ふる — to fall (rain)
泣く	なく — to cry
会議	かいぎ — meeting
開く	ひらく — to hold (an event), to open
寺	てら — temple
建てる	たてる — to build
作る	つくる — to make
中止	ちゅうし — cancellation
注意	ちゅうい — warning
裏切る	うらぎる — to betray
殺す	ころす — to kill
死ぬ	しぬ — to die
弟	おとうと — younger brother
駅	えき — station

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners produce 読よまれています fine and then never once say 雨あめに降ふられた, because there is no English shape to translate from — and that is the half of the passive that actually comes up in conversation.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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