LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 21, 2026

中なか as じゅう and ちゅう: "all day" versus "in the middle of

中なか read as じゅう means "throughout the whole of it"; read as ちゅう it means "currently in the middle of it" — and picking the wrong reading changes what you said, not just how it sounds.

This is one of the cheapest wins in Japanese. Two readings, one clear rule, and a pile of everyday words that stop being separate vocabulary items the moment you see the pattern.

The basics

じゅう: the whole extent of something

Attach じゅう to a complete stretch of time or space, and it means "all of it, throughout."

一日中いちにちじゅう寝ねていました。 — I slept all day. (polite; いちにちじゅう) 世界中せかいじゅうで人気にんきがあります。 — It's popular all over the world. (polite; せかいじゅう) 体中からだじゅうが痛いたい。 — My whole body aches. (plain; からだじゅう)

The bases are things with a full extent already built in: 一日いちにち, 一年いちねん, 一晩ひとばん, 世界せかい, 町まち, 部屋へや, 体からだ, 家いえ. You are saying "every part of it."

ちゅう: currently in the middle of it

Attach ちゅう to an activity, and it means the activity is happening right now.

会議中かいぎちゅうです。 — He's in a meeting. (polite; かいぎちゅう) ただいま準備中じゅんびちゅうです。 — We're getting ready at the moment. (polite; the sign on a restaurant door before opening) 工事中こうじちゅうのため通とおれません。 — You can't get through — construction in progress. (written; road sign)

The bases here are nouns that describe an action, usually the kind that take する: 勉強べんきょう, 会議かいぎ, 工事こうじ, 準備じゅんび, 使用しよう, 通話つうわ, 営業えいぎょう, 作業さぎょう.

The rule in one line

Base is Reading Meaning Example
A period or a space じゅう Throughout all of it 一日中いちにちじゅう, 世界中せかいじゅう
An activity ちゅう Currently doing it 会議中かいぎちゅう, 準備中じゅんびちゅう

一日いちにちちゅう and 会議かいぎじゅう are both wrong, and Japanese speakers will hear them as mistakes rather than accents. The good news is that the base tells you the reading almost every time.

Beyond the basics

午前中ごぜんちゅう is the exception everyone meets

午前中ごぜんちゅう is ごぜんちゅう — "during the morning" — even though 午前ごぜん is a period of time, not an activity.

午前中ごぜんちゅうに電話でんわします。 — I'll call sometime during the morning. (polite)

It works because 午前中ごぜんちゅう means "within the morning," not "throughout the morning." The whole-extent reading would be 午前中ごぜんちゅうずっと. There is no 午後ごご中なか in common use; for the afternoon people say 午後ごご or 午後ごごのうちに.

今週中こんしゅうちゅう, 今月中こんげつちゅう: a deadline, not a duration

This is the second ちゅう family, and it is the useful one at work. A time word plus ちゅう plus に means "by the end of."

今週中こんしゅうちゅうに終おわらせます。 — I'll finish it by the end of this week. (polite; こんしゅうちゅう) 今月中こんげつちゅうにお返事へんじします。 — I'll reply by the end of this month. (polite)

Note the に. Without it you are describing a stretch; with it you are naming a deadline, which is the same に that turns まで into までに — see から and まで.

Confusingly, 今日中きょうじゅう is きょうじゅう, not きょうちゅう. 今日中きょうじゅうに終おわらせます is "I'll finish it by the end of today," and it keeps the じゅう reading while doing a ちゅう job. It is worth memorising as its own item.

〜中なか vs 〜ている

Both can describe something in progress, and they are not interchangeable.

勉強中べんきょうちゅうです。 — I'm in the middle of studying. (polite; noun-like, slightly formal, common on a status message) 勉強べんきょうしています。 — I'm studying. (polite; the ordinary verb form)

〜中なか is compact and slightly official. It belongs on signs, status indicators and short replies — 外出中がいしゅつちゅう (out of the office), 使用中しようちゅう (occupied), 営業中えいぎょうちゅう (open for business). In flowing speech, the 〜ている form is normal. The difference is register more than meaning, which is the wider point made in 書き言葉かきことば and 話し言葉はなしことば.

ずっと does a similar job

For emphasis, じゅう often pairs with ずっと, or ずっと replaces it entirely.

一日中いちにちじゅうずっと雨あめだった。 — It rained all day, the whole time. (plain; the pair adds weight) ずっと待まっていました。 — I've been waiting the whole time. (polite; no 中なか needed)

ずっと can attach to anything and stresses continuity. じゅう needs a bounded period to fill.

The signs you will actually see in Japan

These are worth recognising before you land:

営業中えいぎょうちゅう — Open for business. (shop sign) 準備中じゅんびちゅう — Getting ready, not open yet. (the one that catches tourists out) 使用中しようちゅう — Occupied. (toilet door) 工事中こうじちゅう — Under construction. 調理中ちょうりちゅう — Being cooked. (on an order screen)

準備中じゅんびちゅう on a restaurant door does not mean closed forever — it usually means they are between lunch and dinner service.

Common mistakes

  • Reading 一日中いちにちじゅう as いちにちちゅう. A period takes じゅう.
  • Reading 会議中かいぎちゅう as かいぎじゅう. An activity takes ちゅう.
  • Assuming 今日中きょうじゅう follows the deadline pattern's reading. It is きょうじゅう, and it still means "by the end of today."
  • Dropping the に in 今週中こんしゅうちゅうに. Without it you describe a stretch of time; with it you name a deadline.
  • Using 〜中なか in flowing conversation. 勉強中べんきょうちゅうです is fine as a short reply and stilted in the middle of a story. Use 勉強べんきょうしています.
  • Reading 準備中じゅんびちゅう as "closed." It means "not yet open," which for a restaurant usually means "come back at five."

Practice

Answers are hidden — say yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same kanji, the two readings.

1. Read and translate: 一日中いちにちじゅう寝ねていました。

Show answer

いちにちじゅう — "I slept all day." — 一日いちにち is a period, so 中なか is じゅう and means "throughout."

2. Read and translate: 会議中かいぎちゅうです。

Show answer

かいぎちゅう — "He's in a meeting." — 会議かいぎ is an activity, so 中なか is ちゅう and means "currently."

3. Say: "It's popular all over the world."

Show answer

世界中せかいじゅうで人気にんきがあります。 — せかいじゅう. A space with a full extent takes じゅう.

4. Say: "I'll finish it by the end of this week."

Show answer

今週中こんしゅうちゅうに終おわらせます。 — こんしゅうちゅうに. The に is what turns the stretch into a deadline.

5. How is 今日中きょうじゅう read, and what does it mean?

Show answer

きょうじゅう — "by the end of today." — It keeps the じゅう reading while doing the deadline job. Memorise it as its own item.

6. You see 準備中じゅんびちゅう on a restaurant door at 3pm. What does it mean?

Show answer

They are not open yet. — Usually between lunch and dinner service, not closed for good. 営業中えいぎょうちゅう is the open sign.

7. Rewrite 勉強中べんきょうちゅうです for the middle of a spoken story.

Show answer

勉強べんきょうしています。 — 〜中なか is compact and slightly official, right for signs and short replies. Flowing speech wants the 〜ている form.

8. Say: "I'll call sometime during the morning."

Show answer

午前中ごぜんちゅうに電話でんわします。 — ごぜんちゅう, the exception. It means "within the morning," not "throughout it."

9. What does dropping the に change in 今月中こんげつちゅうに返事へんじします?

Show answer

It stops being a deadline. — With に, "by the end of this month." Without it, you are describing a stretch of time instead of promising anything.

10. Say: "My whole body aches."

Show answer

体中からだじゅうが痛いたい。 — からだじゅう. A body has a full extent, so じゅう.

FAQ

Is there a reliable way to guess the reading? Yes, and it works nearly always: if the base is a period or a place, it is じゅう; if the base is an activity, it is ちゅう. The handful of exceptions (午前中ごぜんちゅう, 今日中きょうじゅう) are common enough that you will meet them early and remember them.

Why does 今日中きょうじゅう use じゅう when 今週中こんしゅうちゅう uses ちゅう? There is no satisfying reason — it is a fixed reading. Both mean "by the end of," and both take に for the deadline.

Can I say 午後ごご中なか? It is not standard. For "during the afternoon," say 午後ごごに or 午後ごごのうちに.

What is 〜中なか on a phone status? 通話つうわ中なか is "on a call," 充電中じゅうでんちゅう is "charging," 送信中そうしんちゅう is "sending." All ちゅう, all activities in progress.

Is 一晩中ひとばんじゅう a word? Yes — ひとばんじゅう, "all night long." 一年中いちねんじゅう (いちねんじゅう, all year round) is the other one worth having.

Does 中なか ever just mean "inside"? Yes, read なか, as a standalone noun: 箱はこの中なか ("inside the box"). That is the everyday spatial word, and it is covered in Japanese position words.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

一日中	いちにちじゅう — all day long
一晩中	ひとばんじゅう — all night long
一年中	いちねんじゅう — all year round
世界中	せかいじゅう — all over the world
体中	からだじゅう — all over one's body
今日中	きょうじゅう — by the end of today
今週中	こんしゅうちゅう — by the end of this week
午前中	ごぜんちゅう — during the morning
会議中	かいぎちゅう — in a meeting
準備中	じゅんびちゅう — getting ready, not open yet
営業中	えいぎょうちゅう — open for business
使用中	しようちゅう — occupied, in use
工事中	こうじちゅう — under construction
外出中	がいしゅつちゅう — out of the office
通話中	つうわちゅう — on a call
ずっと	ずっと — the whole time, continuously

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Students usually learn 一日中いちにちじゅう and 準備中じゅんびちゅう months apart as unrelated vocabulary, and are mildly annoyed to discover they are the same kanji doing two jobs.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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